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1

Simulating energy management in a lightweight hybrid vehicle with fuel cells and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries

Harahap Dedy Ramdhani, Chang Wei-Chin, Chiu Chun Chieh, Tang Jing-Jou

Mining Machines

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2023

|

vol. 41, iss. 4

261--273

EN

A compact electric vehicle was simulated utilizing the Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR), a MATLAB/Simulink-based program. The primary power source for the vehicle was a 200W small Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, complemented by AA-type Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries serving as backup energy sources. Each NiMH battery had a voltage of 1.2V and a capacity of 1.9Ah. The performance of both the PEM fuel cell and the NiMH batteries was evaluated using an electronic load to meet the power requirements of the hybrid vehicle. The hybrid vehicle operated in three distinct modes: Starting Mode, Accelerating Mode, and Steady Mode, each with its specific configurations. Simulation results revealed that the batteries successfully initiated the drivetrain in the Starting Mode, while the fuel cell provided support during the Accelerating Mode. InSteady Mode, as the battery state of charge decreased, the PEM fuel cell seamlessly supported the battery andpowered the load simultaneously. Various matching schemes were analyzed to meet thedynamic performance requirements of the vehicle and achieve theoptimal synergy between the fuel cell and NiMH battery. The study aimed to identify the most effective configuration to ensure efficient energy management and dynamic performance in different operational modes of the hybrid vehicle.

2

Fuel consumption and CO2 emission analysis of hybrid and conventional vehicles in urban driving conditions

Skuza Adriana, Szumska Emilia, Jurecki Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2023

|

R. 62, nr 4

48--55

EN

Hybrid vehicles are a good solution for a smooth transition towards electromobility. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between route parameters and fuel consumption and emissions of harmful exhaust components of vehicles with a conventional and hybrid drive system. As a result of simulation tests, values for fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for HEV and ICEV vehicles were obtained in 28 trips in urban conditions. The average fuel consumption achieved by the hybrid was 53% lower than that of a conventional vehicle. When analysing the average value of CO2 emissions, the hybrid showed a 54% lower value than a conventional vehicle. Using statistical methods, the relationship between the route parameters and the operational parameters of the vehicle was determined. It has been shown that the route parameters strongly correlate with the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of a conventional vehicle. In the case of hybrid vehicles, there was a weaker relationship between these parameters.

3

Zasilanie alternatywne pojazdów samochodowych

Wornalkiewicz Władysław

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

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2022

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T. 15

21--50

PL

W obecnych czasach coraz bardziej niepokoi ocieplenie klimatu. Jest ono wynikiem, między innymi, gromadzenia się nadmiernej ilości gazów cieplarnianych, w tym CO2. Z inicjatywy obrońców środowiska powstały w ramach Unii Europejskiej dokumenty, stanowiące wytyczne do obniżania emisji szkodliwych spalin, wydalanych przez masowe ilości pojazdów, poruszających się po drogach Europy i nie tylko. Wytyczne te, przyjęte przez państwa Unii, wskazują na konieczność - w zakresie zasilania pojazdów - na przechodzenie od tradycyjnych paliw kopalnych, na rzecz różnych, mniej szkodliwych dla środowiska kuli ziemskiej. W opracowaniu zaprezentowano tradycyjne paliwa do samochodów, tendencje w zakresie upowszechniania ich mniej toksycznych alternatyw oraz akty normatywne, wskazujące kierunki badań nad ich wdrożeniem. Zwrócono uwagę, na istniejący w Polsce stan w zakresie infrastruktury technicznej do dystrybucji nowych rodzajów paliw. Wymieniono etapy odejścia od tradycyjnej tzw. benzyny, na rzecz przede wszystkim pojazdów hybrydowych i elektrycznych. Zaprezentowana w skrócie problematyka bazuje na opracowanych pod kierunkiem autora, zaimplementowanych fragmentach pracy magisterskiej [18]. Analiza stanu wdrożenia nowych technologii zasilania pojazdów została pokazana na podstawie wywiadu z przedstawicielem ochrony środowiska i ankietyzacji, przeprowadzonej z pracownikami stacji paliw w mieście Tarnowskie Góry i jej okolicach.

EN

Nowadays, concerns about climate warming are becoming more and more intense. This is due to, inter alia, the accumulation of an excessive amount of greenhouse gases, including CO2. The initiative of environmentalists resulted in preparing documents within the European Union, which constitute guidelines for the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, released by mass quantities of vehicles on the roads of Europe and beyond. In terms of powering vehicles, these guidelines, adopted by the EU countries, specify the need to change from traditional fossil fuels to various, less harmful to the environment, the globe. The paper presents traditional car fuels, trends in the dissemination of their less toxic alternatives and normative acts indicating the directions of research on their implementation. The attention was paid to the state of the art in Poland in terms of technical infrastructure for the distribution of new types of fuels. The stages of resigning from the traditional so-called gasoline for the benefit of hybrid and electric vehicles in particular are specified, as well. The issues presented in short are based on the parts of the master’s thesis prepared under the supervision of the author (Morawiec R., 2022). The analysis of the implementation status of new vehicle power technologies was shown on the basis of an interview with an environmental protection representative and a survey conducted with employees of a petrol station in the city of Tarnowskie Góry and its vicinity.

4

Dualny system zasobników energii w aucie hybrydowym: optymalizacja systemu zarządzania energią oraz analiza wpływu typu zasobnika na osiągi pojazdu

Woźniak Piotr A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 4

113--118

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania dotyczące wpływu rodzaju zasobnika energii elektrycznej na osiągi oraz ekonomię pojazdu. Do tego celu opracowano autorski system zarządzania energią obsługujący dwa zasobniki w pojeździe z napędem hybrydowym. Analizie poddano trzy typy zasobników, akumulatory Ni-MH, akumulatory Li-Ion oraz baterię superkondensatorów. Otrzymane wyniki badań pozwalają stwierdzić, że odpowiedni dobór typów zasobników i prawidłowe zarządzanie energią w nich zmagazynowaną daje duże korzyści. Dzięki tym zabiegom udało się poprawić osiągi, obniżyć poziom zużycia paliwa, zmniejszyć emisję szkodliwych substancji oraz wydłużyć żywotność podstawowego zasobnika energii.

EN

This paper presents results of research on the impact of the type of energy storage on the performance and economy of a vehicle. For this purpose, a proprietary energy management system has been developed that uses two power sources in a hybrid vehicle. Three types of energy storages were analyzed: Ni-MH batteries, Li-Ion batteries and a supercapacitor battery. The results of the research show that the appropriate selection of these types of energy storages and the correct management of the energy stored in them bring great benefits. As a result, it was possible to improve performance, reduce level of fuel consumption, emission of harmful substances and extend the life of the primary energy storage.

5

Wysoko mobilna bezzałogowa platforma do zadań obserwacyjnych przy ochronie perymetrycznej granicy państwa

Kowaliński Jakub, Krakówka Tomasz, Więckowski Rafał, Zarzycki Mikołaj

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2022

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R. 26, nr 1

55--60

PL

W artykule poruszono najważniejsze aspekty projektowania pojazdu bezzałogowego do realizacji zadań obserwacyjnych przy ochronie perymetrycznej granicy państwa. Przedstawiona została analiza warunków terenowych koniecznych do pokonywania przez pojazd bezzałogowy oraz opis kluczowych podzespołów pojazdu HUNTeR odpowiedzialnych za możliwość pracy w tego typu warunkach. Zawarto też wyniki badań weryfikujących założenia podstawowe projektu w zakresie pracy z maksymalną prędkością przejazdu.

EN

The article concerns the most important issues of designing an unmanned vehicle for the implementation of observation tasks in the protection of the perimeter of the state border. An analysis of the terrain conditions necessary for the unmanned vehicle to overcome and a description of the key components of the HUNTeR vehicle responsible for the ability to work in such conditions was presented. Also included were tests verifying the basic assumptions of the project in the field of operation at the maximum speed of travel.

6

Energy consumption of a passenger car with a hybrid powertrain in real traffic conditions

Bieniek Andrzej, Graba Mariusz, Mamala Jarosław, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Hennek Krystian

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 4

15--22

EN

The analysis of energy consumption in a hybrid drive system of a passenger car in real road conditions is an important factor determining its operational indicators. The article presents energy consumption analysis of a car equipped with an advanced Plug-in Hybrid Electric Drive (PHEV), driving in real road conditions on a test section of about 51 km covered in various environmental conditions and seasons. Particular attention was paid to the energy consumption resulting from the cooperation of two independent drive units, analyzed in terms of the total energy expenditure. The energy consumption obtained from fuel and energy collected from the car’s batteries for each run over the total distance of 12 500 km was summarized. The instantaneous values of energy consumption for the hybrid drive per kilometer of distance traveled in car’s real operating conditions range from 0.6 to 1.4 MJ/km, with lower values relating to the vehicle operation only with electric drive. The upper range applies to the internal combustion engine, which increases not only the energy expenditure in the TTW (Tank-to-Wheel) system, but also CO2 emissions to the environment. Based on the experimental data, the curves of total energy consumption per kilometer of the road section traveled were determined, showing a close correlation with the actual operating conditions. Obtained values were compared with homologation data from the WLTP test of the tested passenger car, where the average value of energy demand is 1.1 MJ/km and the CO2 emission is 23 g/km.

7

Intensity of use of hybrid vehicles during the initial period of their operation

Prochowski Leon, Ziubiński Mateusz

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2022

|

Vol. 96, nr 2

31--50

EN

Extensive environmental protection activities include the promotion of alternative drive systems for motor vehicles. An important role in this field is played by hybrid vehicles, with their low operation costs being a strong marketing argument. Can such economies be conducive to the intensity of use of hybrid vehicles compared with vehicles with conventional drive systems? To answer this question, the intensity of use of hybrid vehicles was observed in a few different countries. The attention was focused on the occurrence of extreme (very low and very high) mileage values within comparable vehicle groups. The survey carried out has revealed distinct differences in the intensity of use of hybrid vehicles compared with motor vehicles with conventional drive systems (IC). The average mileage values for hybrid vehicles are higher than those recorded for conventional ones during the same period, but this difference can only be seen in the initial period of vehicle use, rapidly decreasing with vehicle operation years. The share of vehicles with extreme mileage values recorded during the period under observation, presented in the paper in several ways, declines with the years of vehicle use. In spite of that, however, the percentage of vehicles with extreme mileage values is high in HVs group against IC.

8

Nowoczesna konstrukcja lekkiego spalinowo-elektrycznego autobusu szynowego typu 227M1

Urbański Patryk, Mieżowiec Kuba, Far Mariusz, Tarnawski Piotr, Gallas Dawid

Zeszyty Naukowo-Techniczne Stowarzyszenia Inżynierów i Techników Komunikacji w Krakowie. Seria: Materiały Konferencyjne

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2021

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Nr 2 (123)

357--367

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest lekki dwuczłonowy autobus szynowy typu 227M o nazwie handlowej „PLUS”. Projekt dwunapędowego pasażerskiego pojazdu szynowego przeznaczonego głównie do poruszania się po trasach regionalnych został zrealizowany przez Sieć Badawczą Łukasiewicz – Instytut Pojazdów Szynowych „TABOR” w Poznaniu, w kooperacji z producentem pojazdu H. Cegielski - Fabryka Pojazdów Szynowych. Pojazd posiadający możliwość poruszania się zarówno po trakcji zelektryfikowanej oraz niezelektryfikowanej został oficjalnie zaprezentowany we wrześniu 2021 roku. W artykule zostały przedstawione innowacyjne rozwiązania techniczne i konstrukcyjne autobusu szynowego obejmujące spalinowy oraz elektryczny układ napędowy, układy jezdne, parametry trakcyjne, a także rozmieszczenie urządzeń i przedmiotów we wnętrzu i na zewnątrz pojazdu.

EN

The subject of the article is a light two-section railcar of the 227M type with the trade name “PLUS”. The project of a two-drive passenger rail vehicle intended mainly for driving on regional routes was carried out by the Łukasiewicz Research Network - Rail Vehicles Institute «TABOR» in Poznań, in cooperation with the vehicle manufacturer H. Cegielski - Fabryka Pojazdów Szynowych. The vehicle capable of moving on both electrified and non-electrified traction was officially presented in September 2021. The article presents innovative technical solutions and structural design of a railcar, including internal combustion and electric drive systems, driving systems, traction parameters, as well as the arrangement of devices and objects inside and outside the vehicle.

9

Study of energy consumption of a hybrid vehicle in real-world conditions

Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Bieniek Andrzej, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Augustynowicz Andrzej, Śmieja Michał

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2021

|

Vol. 23, no. 4

636--645

EN

The paper presents an analysis of energy consumption in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) used in actual road conditions. Therefore, the paper features a comparison of the consumption of energy obtained from fuel and from energy taken from the vehicle’s batteries for each travel with a total distance of 5000 km. The instantaneous energy consumption per travelling kilometre in actual operating conditions for a combustion engine mode are within the range of 233 to 1170 Wh/km and for an electric motor mode are within the range of 135 to 420 Wh/km. The average values amount to 894 Wh/km for the combustion engine and 208 Wh/km for the electric motor. The experimental data was used to develop curves for the total energy consumption per 100km of road section travelled divided into particular engine types (combustion/electric), demonstrating a close correlation to actual operating conditions. These values were referred to the tested passenger vehicle’s approval data in a WLTP test, with the average values of 303 Wh/km and CO2 emission of 23 g/km.

10

Regenerative braking as a way to recover lost energy in hybrid vehicles

Soliński Michał

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2020

|

Vol. 8, no. 1

21--25

EN

The very rapid development of the automotive industry forces designers to implement new solutions. One of them is the construction of braking systems, which can enable the recovery of part of the energy lost during the braking process in hybrid vehicles. The article presents the basic types of hybrid drives currently used in motor vehicles. The principle of operation of the mechanical and electrical energy recovery system had been discussed, and the vehicles in which such solutions had been applied were indicated.

11

Static magnetic field and extremely low-frequency magnetic field in hybrid and electric vehicles

Wyszkowska Joanna, Szczygieł Marcin, Trawiński Tomasz

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2020

|

R. 96, nr 2

60--62

EN

Static and extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields are exist in hybrid and electric cars. These fields are mainly due to the currents flowing through the car supply circuits, the motor circuits and the battery current. To determine the magnetic field exposure levels measurements were made in driver’s seats. Our results have been compared to those presented in the literature.

PL

W samochodach hybrydowych i elektrycznych występują pola magnetyczne statyczne i skrajnie niskiej częstotliwości (ELF). Pola te są wynikiem oddziaływania prądów przepływających przez obwody elektryczne, obwody silnika elektrycznego i prądu akumulatora. Aby określić poziomy ekspozycji na pole magnetyczne, wykonano pomiary na siedzeniu kierowcy. Uzyskane pomiarowo wyniki zostały porównane z wynikami przedstawionymi w literaturze.

12

Hybrid energy storage system in hybrid vehicles: design of energy management strategy and comparative analysis

Woźniak Piotr

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2020

|

R. 96, nr 8

55--59

EN

This article presents simulation tests showing the benefits of using an additional energy storage device in the form of a supercapacitor in a hybrid car. An original power flow control system was proposed. The main emphasis was placed on determining the driving characteristics, emissions of harmful substances, fuel consumption and increasing the service life of batteries by limiting rapid changes in the charging and discharging currents and the operating temperature of the cells.

PL

W artykule przeprowadzono badania symulacyjne pokazujące korzyści płynące z zastosowania dodatkowego zasobnika energii w postaci pakietu superkondensatorów w samochodzie z napędem hybrydowym. W tym celu zaproponowano oryginalny system zarządzania energią. Główny nacisk położono na określenie właściwości jezdnych, emisji szkodliwych substancji, zużycia paliwa oraz wydłużenie okresu użytkowania akumulatorów poprzez ograniczenie gwałtownych zmian prądów ładowania i rozładowania oraz temperatury pracy ogniw.

13

Analysis of regenerative braking strategies

Popiołek Krzysztof, Detka Tomasz, Żebrowski Karol, Małek Konrad

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2019

|

R. 95, nr 6

117--123

EN

Theoretical issues related to the use of regenerative braking systems in two-axle vehicles have been presented. In the introduction, the trends observed in the development of vehicles with electric and hybrid drive systems have been described. In the subsequent part of this article, the impact of regenerative braking on driving safety has been analysed, with taking into account the steerability and directional stability of the vehicle. The braking ratio (distribution of braking effort between the front and rear wheels) has been calculated for specific data of a prototype vehicle. Various regenerative braking strategy systems (RBS) divisions as proposed in a number of publications have been presented. For the purposes of this study, simulation tests were carried out according to the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) test procedure for two regenerative braking strategies, referred to as serial and parallel ones. The presentation of simulation test results has been preceded by a description of the method of implementing the aforementioned strategies in an electric vehicle.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono teoretyczne zagadnienia związane z zastosowaniem systemów hamowania odzyskowego w pojazdach dwuosiowych. We wstępie opisane zostały tendencje w rozwoju pojazdów z napędem elektrycznym i hybrydowym. W dalszej części pracy rozważono wpływ hamowania odzyskowego na bezpieczeństwo jazdy, uwzględniając kierowalność i stateczność. Przeprowadzono obliczenia rozkładu sił hamowania dla konkretnych danych pojazdu prototypowego. Przedstawione zostały podziały strategii hamowania odzyskowego proponowane w różnych publikacjach. Na potrzeby niniejszej pracy przeprowadzano badania symulacyjne w cyklu jezdnym NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) dla dwóch strategii hamowania odzyskowego – szeregowej i równoległej. Prezentacja wyników symulacji została poprzedzona opisem sposobu realizacji wymienionych strategii w samochodzie elektrycznym.

14

Analysis of the use of a hybrid drive system in urban traffic conditions

Pielecha I., Fluder K., Cieślik W.

Journal of Mechanical and Transport Engineering

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2018

|

Vol. 70, No. 3

67--77

EN

The continued reduction of fuel consumption by vehicles leads to an increase in the share of hybrid and electric vehicle drives in the automotive market. There are many approaches, such as to focus only on the introduction of electric vehicles, however, using this type of drive requires additional infrastructure, reconstruction of many systems and has a long charging time, with which consumers are not entirely satisfied. Therefore, one of the leading types of passenger car drives is currently a hybrid drive. It does not require reconstruction of the entire infrastructure, only changes in vehicle drive systems. The costs related to this are relatively small compared to, for example, the construction of a network of new charging stations. Knowing the electric drive operating share in a vehicle with a hybrid system is used as a determinant of the profitability of using electric drives. The article estimated the share of electric and hybrid mode operation in urban traffic conditions. The research object was a Toyota C-HR vehicle equipped with a fourth generation hybrid drive. The analysis of the drive's operation allowed to determine the conditions of energy flow and determine the share of electric mode operation in the total driving time and in relation to the distance travelled.

PL

Ograniczanie zużycia paliwa przez pojazdy prowadzi do zwiększenia udziału napędów hybrydowych i elektrycznych w rynku pojazdów. Istnieje wiele pomysłów, aby skupić się tylko i wyłącznie na wprowadzeniu pojazdów elektrycznych, jednakże ten rodzaj napędu wymaga dodatkowej infrastruktury, przebudowy wielu systemów oraz charakteryzuje się długim czasem ładowania, z czego nie do końca zadowoleni są konsumenci. Dlatego obecnie jednym z wiodących rodzajów napędów pojazdów osobowych jest napęd hybrydowy. Nie wymaga on przebudowy całej infrastruktury, jedynie zmian w układach napędowych pojazdów. Koszty z tym związane są relatywnie małe, w porównaniu do np. do budowy sieci nowych stacji ładowania. Znajomość udziału pracy napędu elektrycznego w pojeździe z układem hybrydowym jest wyznacznikiem opłacalności stosowania napędów elektrycznych. W pracy oszacowano udział pracy trybu elektrycznego i hybrydowego w warunkach ruchu miejskiego. Obiektem badawczym był pojazd marki Toyota C-HR wyposażony w napęd hybrydowy czwartej generacji. Analiza pracy napędu pozwoliła na określenie warunków przepływu energii oraz ustalenie udziału pracy trybu elektrycznego w całkowitym czasie jazdy oraz w odniesieniu do przebytej drogi.

15

Characteristic features of the process of growth in the mileage of hybrid vehicles

Prochowski L..

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 4

361--368

EN

For a few years, the sales of motor vehicles with hybrid drive systems (referred to as “hybrid vehicles” or “HVs”) have been rapidly growing. However, there is a lack of information about the intensity of operation of vehicles classified in this category, which is completely new. A calculation procedure has been presented that enabled evaluation of the HV mileage growth rate. An analysis of this rate provides grounds for forecasting the changes that are likely to take place in the fleet of motor vehicles, such as the progress in the process of replacement of conventional vehicles with vehicles with alternative drive systems, and this may be a basis for predicting the reduction in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Models of the HV mileage growth process have been defined for three different countries. They indicate high mileage growth rates in the initial period of vehicle operation, e.g. until the fourth year of operation of the Auris H cars. The highest mileage growth rates in this period were observed in the Netherlands and Poland. In Germany, this rate was lower by 41%. Significant differences in the intensity of vehicle operation have been observed between the behaviour of HV owners in the countries under analysis. A considerable drop in the annual HV mileage as early as in the fifth and sixth year of vehicle operation is an alarming signal.

16

Wpływ wdrożenia idei ekojazdy na bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego

Rychlicki M., Kasprzyk Z., Zabuska A.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 6

226--230, CD

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano analizę wpływu wdrożenia idei ekojazdy (jazdy ekologicznej) na koszty eksploatacji floty pojazdów oraz bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego. Omówiono ideę ekojazdy oraz budowę systemowego raportu, stosowanego w rzeczywistym przedsiębiorstwie. Przedstawiono rzeczywiste dane i wyniki ich analizy, przeprowadzonej pod kątem wpływu stylu jazdy na bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego i ekologię dla grup kierowców pojazdów hybrydowych oraz spalinowych.

EN

Paper discussed the impact of ecodriving idea on the road safety. The analysis shows the idea of ecodriving and ecodriving report structure which is used in the analyzed company. The driving style of drivers of hybrid and engine vehicles was analyzed for road security and ecology aspects.

17

A Simplified Connection of HEV AC/AC Powertrain

Dobrucký B., Drgoňa P., Kaščák S., Praženica M., Pavlásek P.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 6

831--834, CD

EN

The paper deals with a simplified configuration of series HEV hybrid vehicles. Simplification consists of the downsizing of auxiliary 4QC converter needed for hybrid operational modes. Besides, operation in autonomous traction accu-battery modes uses direct 0x5 configuration of traction 3x5 McX matrix converter. Such a configuration can be derived from that main traction converter. Major advantages of simplified connection are beside smaller 4QC converter size – possible little bit better efficiency of the HEV powertrain. Chosen operational modes of modelling and simulation of traction powertrain configuration are focused on start-up and traction drive of HEV powered by ICE, start-up of ICE powered by AB accu-battery using SG as a starter, and traction drive powered by AB accu-battery and braking of traction motor moving energy into accu-battery AB. The results of all simulation experiments are given in the paper.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy uproszczonej konfiguracji pojazdów hybrydowych HEV. Uproszczenie polega na zmniejszeniu konwertera 4QC wymaganego w trybach hybrydowych. Poza tym tryb pracy w trybie autonomicznej trakcji w trybie akumulatorowym wykorzystuje bezpośrednią konfigurację 0x5 trakcyjnego konwertera macierzy 3x5 McX. Taka konfiguracja może być uzyskana z tego głównego konwertera trakcyjnego. Głównymi zaletami uproszczonego połączenia jest mniejsza wielkość konwertera 4QC - możliwa nieco lepsza wydajność układu napędowego HEV. Dostępne są tryby pracy, modelowanie i układ napędowy układu napędowego skoncentrowany na rozruchu i napędzie trakcyjnym HEV napędzanego przez ICE, rozruch ICE zasilany akumulatorem AB z wykorzystaniem SG jako rozrusznika i napęd trakcyjny zasilany przez AB accu - bateria i hamowanie silnika trakcyjnego, które przenosi energię do akumulatora AB. Wyniki wszystkich eksperymentów symulacyjnych podano w pracy.

18

Increasing reduction of CO2 emission in hybrid vehicles

Łukasik Z., Kozyra J., Kuśmińska-Fijałkowska A.

Transport Problems

|

2017

|

T. 12, z. spec.

87--94

EN

This article concerns the issue of reduction of CO2 emission in hybrid vehicles. External lighting through LED technology was applied to show additional CO2 savings in these vehicles. The authors propose for hybrid vehicles of M1 category: conditions of testing external lights, research equipment with measuring system and measuring method in order to determine energy savings obtained by application of external LED light. It enables to calculate saving of CO2 emission and estimate potential energy and ecological benefits. Computational formulas of CO2 emission savings and calculated fuel consumption and percentage reduction of CO2 proposed by the authors were used as a confirmation. Average worktime of lighting and three configurations of sources of lighting of hybrid vehicles were used in the analysis: halogen bulb/bulb, xenon/LED lamp and full electroluminescent external lighting.

19

The power impact of electric power assist in hybrid vehicle

Andrych-Zalewska M., Chmielewska P., Wróbel R.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 4

17--24

EN

The current interest in the development of hybrid vehicles is a response to serious effects of road transport on the environment over recent years. In addition, vehicles equipped with this type of drive combine the advantages of a conventional diesel engine and electric motor. This results in higher system efficiency while reducing emissivity. This work seeks to demonstrate the effect of electric power on the total power of a hybrid vehicle. The research on the chassis dynamometer (MAHA LPS 3000) of the hybrid sports car, Honda CRZ, has been performed in three modes of operation: normal, economical and sport. The obtained results are presented in the form of graphs of external engine characteristics, where the influence of electric power on the system is visible. The tested vehicle is equipped with sixth version of Honda’s Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) technology, which is the crucial system, assisting the combustion engine in order to provide higher performance and better fuel economy.

20

Hybrid vehicle diagnostics

Prajwowski K., Osipowicz T.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 1

309--315

EN

The history of hybrid vehicles has started between the 19th and the 20th century because then the first project of a hybrid vehicle was constructed. The first man who manufactured a front hub mounted electric propulsion connected with a generator powered by a spark ignition engine was Ferdinand Porsche. This vehicle was called the Lohner- -Porsche Electromobile. The first mass-produced hybrid vehicle was the first generation Toyota Prius. The model premiere was in 1996 and the production started one year later. The vehicle was equipped with a 1.5 dcm 58 hp spark ignition engine and with the added electric propulsion. It generated 40 mechanical hp. Since 2000, a 72 hp spark ignition engine and a 44 hp electric generator were mounted. Fuel consumption of this model was 5 litres per 100 km. In the early 2000s, 95% hybrid vehicles were the Toyota Prius. The biggest competitor to the Toyota Prius was the Honda Insight. Lexus and Mercedes started manufacturing hybrid vehicles few years later. The most popular car brands that sell hybrid vehicles are Toyota and Lexus from Toyota Motor Corporation. This article describes an example of diagnostic possibilities for the hybrid vehicle system. The construction of vehicle models that use two propulsion systems (spark ignition engine and electric generator) results in the development and increase in control system devices. The measurements were made using various diagnostic devices, e.g. a diagnostic scanner, mustimeter, megohm-meter and oscilloscope. The reading of fault codes is not enough so it is necessary to use a mustimeter or a megohm-meter to examine the signal characteristics, which is presented in this article.