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1

Valorisation of sewage sludge humic compounds in the aspect of its application in natural environment

Jakubus Monika, Bakinowska Ewa, Tobiašová Erika

Environment Protection Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 47, nr 1

67--83

EN

The valorization of sewage sludge (SS) has been presented originating from four wastewaters treated in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Wielkopolska province. In the SS samples collected in two successive years, the quantity and quality of humic substances (HSs), fulvic and humic acids (FAs, HAs), amounts of organic carbon (TOC), organic matter (OM), labile carbon (CL), and water extracted organic carbon (WEOC) were determined. It was investigated how the defined parameters depend on the size of the installation and select those which in a routine SS analysis facilitate rapid assessment of their quality and suitability for application in the natural environment. Regardless of WWTP size and the year of analysis, SS was characterized by a significant share of easily decomposable compounds such as FAs and WEOC. The statistical analysis showed significant usefulness of CL, FAs, and HAs in the evaluation of SS quality and usability.

2

Comparison of packing media on stratified EPS and their role in the biofilm of trickling biofilter

Dong Bei, Zheng Jie, Wen Yi-Zheng, Lei Xian-Yan, Zhang Qian, Cao De-Ju

Environment Protection Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 47, nr 3

25--36

EN

The research focused on such packing media as ceramsite, polypropylene balls, and elastic fillers, and analyzed the main characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in their filter biofilms. The EPS were categorized as soluble EPS (S-EPS) and bound EPS (B-EPS). The component characteristics of stratified EPS were investigated via UV-Vis spectroscopy and a three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM). The results showed that the EPS content of ceramsite biofilm was 245.2 mg/g VSS, which was higher than those of elastic filler material and polypropylene ball by 1.26 and 1.51 times, respectively. The protein (PN) and polysaccharide (PS) ratio of EPS in the ceramsite filter material was highest in S-EPS and B-EPS, indicating that the EPS have a stable structure. More than 67.58% of EPS formed by ceramsite was tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), which was beneficial to maintaining the stability of biofilms. The levels of proteins (PN) and humic substances formed by ceramsite contained in the TB-EPS were higher than those of elastic filter material and polypropylene balls. 3D-EEM fluorescence spectra revealed that TB-EPS formed by a ceramsite contained high concentrations of tryptophan, tyrosine, and humic substances. The dehydrogenase activity of biofilm formed by ceramsite filler was higher than that formed by elastic fillers and polypropylene balls.

3

Black box : what do we know about Humic lakes?

Kostrzewska-Szlakowska I., Jasser I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 4

647-664

EN

The classic description of a coloured lake implies low productivity (Nauman 1921; cited in Jones 1922). Wetzel (1975) initially classified dystrophic lakes as oligotrophic, but later stated that dystrophy represents a subset of trophic continuum, from oligotrophy to eutrophy, rather than a parallel concept (Wetzel 2001). Other more recent studies have demonstrated that many dystrophic lakes are mesotrophic or even eutrophic (Jones 1992, Keskitalo and Eloranta 1999). Furthermore, the pH of their water can range between 4.1 and 8.0 (Keskitalo and Eloranta 1999), and it is clear that this property should be treated as an additional factor affecting their trophic state. Our own findings from humic acidic lakes of different trophic states and from one posthumic lake (originally humic, now eutrophic with pH = 7), together with data from the literature describing about 40 brown-water lakes, can be used to verify general statements concerning microbial ecology paradigms for humic waters: 1) the bacterial to phytoplankton biomass ratio is generally high and increases with lake water colour; 2) there is a positive relationship between bacterial biomass and the concentration of organic matter expressed in dissolved organic carbon units and as water colour; 3) bacterial production is generally higher than primary production; 4) there is a good correlation between bacterial production and humic matter content; 5) the pH of the water/sediments can modify these relationships by accelerating the rates between the variables mentioned above in neutral pH and/or limiting them in low pH. In this review we show that these statements are not always confirmed by detailed analyses of the available data, suggesting that in addition to the concentration of humic matter, the lake productivity, expressed as chlorophyll a and primary production, also influences the ratios between the compared variables. We also demonstrate that despite being weaker, the relationships between phytoplankton-related variables and bacterial abundance and production in low pH lakes are similar to those in circum-neutral humic waters. In addition, we show that the conversion factors and the proportion of active bacterial cells greatly influence all of the aforementioned relationships.

4

On the radiocesium behavior in a small humic lake (Lithuania)

Tarasiuk N., Moisejenkova A., Koviazina E., Karpicz R., Astrauskiene N.

Nukleonika

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2009

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Vol. 54, No. 3

211-220

EN

Peculiarities of radiocesium contamination of a small humic lake, which became meromictic some thirty-five years ago due to the inflow of a large amount of humic water, are presented. The lake consists of two separate water layers, which do not intermix. A lower water layer of the lake below some 3-m depth is stagnant and anaerobic, and radiocesium load of the sediments is mainly caused by nuclear weapons fallout. The radiocesium load of the sediments of the upper monomictic water layer is significantly larger due to additional contamination after the Chernobyl accident. Radiocesium activity concentrations in lake water increase with depth, and even in the surface layer, they are commonly the largest among the neighboring lakes with transparent water. It is shown that bottom areas of the monomictic part of the lake with the elevated radiocesium deepening into sediments are related to the favorite sites of the tench (Tinca tinca) winter torpor. Sediment bioturbation and redistribution due to tench activities distort naturally formed radiocesium vertical profiles and they cannot be used for estimations of sedimentation rates and sediment chronology. The studied lake can be useful as an analogous model in analyzing structural and radiological consequences of humic water inflows to closed lakes. Concerning extreme radiological situations in closed humic lakes related to their specific vertical structure, they may be treated as critical objects in assessing the risk to humans after radionuclide deposition events.

5

Role of plant litter in developing the content of phenolic compounds in humic substances

Banach-Szott M., Dębska B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 3

239-252

EN

The aim of the present paper was to determine the content of phenolic compounds in the extracts of fulvic acids and hydrolysates of humic acids depending on the properties of plant litter. The research involved sampling from organic and mineral horizons of forest soils located in the area of the Arboretum in Mlyniany in Slovakia. To identify and to determine the quantity of phenolic compounds the chromatographic method (HPLC) was used. The research demonstrated that the content of phenolic compounds in hydrolysates of fractions of humic acids was generally lower as compared with their content in the extracts of fulvic acids. The content of phenolic compounds both in the extracts of fulvic acids al)d in the hydrolysates of humie acids decreased with an increase in the degree of the organic matter transformation. It was also shown that the basic parameter which differentiated the properties of newly-formed humie acids under different tree species was the ratio of vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl compounds. The extracts of humus acids of Ol subhorizon on the oak stand demonstrated a similar share of vanillyl and syringyl compounds (40:42:18), while the extracts of humie acids of Ol subhorizon on the spruce and thuja stands showed a considerable advantage of vanillyl compounds.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie zawartości związków fenolowych w ekstraktach kwasów fulwowych i hydrolizatach kwasów huminowych w zależności od właściwości opadu roślinnego. Do badań pobrano próbki z poziomów organicznych i mineralnych gleb leśnych zlokalizowanych na terenie Arboretum w Mlynianach na Słowacji. Do identyfikacji oraz ilościowego oznaczania związków fenolowych zastosowano metodę chromatograficzną (HPLC). Wykazano, że zawartość związków fenolowych w hydrolizatach frakcji kwasów huminowych była generalnie mniejsza w porównaniu z ich zawartością w ekstraktach kwasów fulwowych. Zawartość związków fenolowych zarówno w ekstraktach kwasów fulwowych, jak i hydrolizatach kwasów huminowych zmniejszała się wraz ze wzrostem stopnia transformacji materii organicznej. Wykazano również, że podstawowym parametrem odróżniającym właściwości nowo powstałych kwasów humusowych pod różnymi gatunkami drzew jest stosunek jednostek wanilinowych, syryngowych i cynamonowych. Ekstrakty kwasów humusowych podpoziomu surowinowego (Ol) na stanowisku dębu cechowały się zbliżonym udziałem jednostek wanilinowych i syryngowych (40:42:18). Natomiast ekstrakty kwasów humusowych podpoziomu Ol na stanowiskach świerka i tui charakteryzowały się znaczną przewagą jednostek wanilinowych.