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EN
In the face of various local, regional, and global threats, the protection of human rights develops and increases its importance. National and international legal acts define catalogues of human rights and create institutional and procedural conditions for their protection. However, apart from that, it is also necessary to use other tools that will support activities for the protection of human rights in various dimensions while respecting the law. Undoubtedly, one of such tools can be GIS. The potential of GIS is in providing information and responding to a threat, and locating the place and extent of human rights violations, which allows for an ex-post response. GIS can improve geographic literacy and improve our knowledge of where human rights violations are occurring. It can improve public awareness of human rights by placing them geographically. GIS can also support various projects aimed at the protection of human rights. Due to the topicality of the topic and the increase in phenomena affecting human beings and human rights, especially in the context of military operations, it is reasonable to deepen this issue and indicate the detailed scopes of GIS application in the service of human rights. The analysis will also identify the opportunities and risks associated with this tool in achieving human rights objectives.
EN
Every armed conflict brings with it extreme inconveniences and injustices towards the society that is covered by it. Therefore, all legal norms that provide minimum human dignity and security should be universally used. Humanitarian law has a long history and has changed over many years, starting from the mid-nineteenth century. Its elementary rules of application are essential to ensure the best possible efficiency. The conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows very well how humanitarian law was not only applied, but also whether it was effective and sufficient, with the important role of the International Criminal Court in mind.
EN
International humanitarian law of armed conflicts is based on conventions from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and from the period after the Second World War. They contain fundamental and impassable rules of applying this law in specific situations. Unfortunately, there are cases of numerous violations of these laws, and one of the conflicts that became particularly bad in this respect was the war in Georgia in 2008. Numerous examples and reactions, not only directly involved in the conflict, but also of external institutions, show the scale of the problem of non-compliance and marginalization of humanitarian law.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia charakter współczesnych konfliktów zbrojnych, których cechę stanowi hybrydowość. Definiuje genezę powstania pojęcia wojny hybrydowej oraz tzw. zielonych ludzików, a także prezentuje ich status w prawie międzynarodowym. Dodatkowo przedstawione zostały cechy charakterystyczne dla konfliktów hybrydowych. W artykule przytoczony został przypadek Ukrainy, która stanowi typowy przykład tego rodzaju działań zbrojnych.
EN
This article presents the character of modern armed conflicts which feature is hybridism. It defines genesis of the notion of hybrid warfare and little green men. It also presents their status in the international law. Additionally there became presented characteristic features of hybrid conflicts. In the article there is also quoted Ukrainian case which is a typical example of this kind military action.
5
Content available Legal aspects of hybrid warfare in Ukraine
EN
The article looks at the conflict taking place in Ukraine since 2014 and characterizes its nature as hybrid warfare. The author examines documents of international and humanitarian law, as well as the reactions to described events from international perspective. Questions are raised concerning the adequacy of current legal solutions in the face of evolution of war itself.
6
Content available Przyszłość wojen. Wojny przyszłości
PL
Wydarzenia w Iraku, Afganistanie, byłej Jugosławii wskazują, że wojny przyjmują współcześnie zróżnicowane formy. To nie tylko działania z obszaru kontaktów międzynarodowych lub wewnętrznych. Wypadki np. w Libii, Syrii mogą być przykładem wojny domowej, ale ze względu na zaangażowanie w nie sił zewnętrznych (np. ataki lotnicze, blokady portów, kont bankowych, zakazy wjazdu dla dyktatora i jego rodziny oraz współpracowników, bariery dla emigrantów, pomoc powstańcom) oraz wydarzenia towarzyszące im w krajach sąsiednich, wskazują one na konieczność spojrzenia z perspektywy systemowej. Wojny te wejdą do historii jako przykład nowego typu, ze względu na poziom zaangażowania ruchów społecznych, wykorzystanie w nich zasobów cywilnych wraz z wojskowymi, w tym technologii z odrębnych systemów zarządzania działaniami społecznymi. Wojny ewoluują tak, jak inne działania społeczne, i można śledzić ich historie oraz próbować coś orzekać o ich przyszłości. W głównej części artykułu poruszane są historyczne wymiary wojny dla potrzeb zarysowania trendów w zakresie jej ustrukturalizowania, jako działania instytucjonalnego. Planowanie bezpieczeństwa narodowego jest niezbędnym elementem polityki wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej każdego państwa. W artykule poruszam również zagadnienie wojen przyszłości w takich aspektach, jak zmienność jej składowych i konsekwencje ich zmienności dla społeczeństw.
EN
The events in Iraq, Afghanistan and Yugoslavia show that modern wars take different forms. They are not only actions in the area of international or national relations. The incidents such as the wars in Libya and Syria cannot be only the examples of civil wars, because the involvement of external forces (such as air attacks, the blockades of ports and bank accounts, no-exit for the dictator, his family and co-workers, barriers for immigrants, helping insurgents) and accompanying events in neighbouring countries are the arguments to perceive the war from the system perspective. The wars in Libya and Syria are the examples of a new type, because of the engagement of social movements, the use of civil and military resources, including technology, and the management systems of separate and social activities. War can be analysed as other areas of social activities. The main part of the article addresses the historical dimensions of war. It discusses some aspects of the variability of wars in the future. The national security planning, however, is an essential element of internal and external policies of each country. Therefore, it is important to analyse wars from the comparative perspective, too.
7
Content available remote Zarys międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego konfliktów zbrojnych
EN
The authors presented basic information relating to creating, development and evolution of international humanitarian law for military conflicts. Respecting international humanitarian law is another important problem. It is well known how many crimes were committed in the past and are being committed now during military conflicts and how seldom the people responsible for them are punished. Undoubtedly it proves the inefficiency to execute this law, however, it does not impair the sense of its existence and the need to familiarise the soldiers in particular with its provisions.
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