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EN
The aim of this work is to review the basic issues and problems related to the analysis of human reliability in terms of the possibility of using the methods functioning in this area to improve occupational safety management. Methods of human reliability analysis (HRA) are related to the prediction and assessment of system failures, which are the result of incorrect actions or omissions by a human, and not the failure of a physical element in the system. The paper presents the significance of the problem of human reliability from the point of view of accidents; describes HRA as a process with three main components; characterizes human errors using various criteria as well as discusses the generations of HR analysis and evaluation methods, including factors influencing the performance. The basic guidelines for the selection of methods for reliability analysis were also presented in terms of their possible use for improving the health and safety management system.
EN
Humans are one of the important factors in the assessment of accidents, particularly marine accidents. Hence, studies are conducted to assess the contribution of human factors in accidents. There are two generations of Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) that have been developed. Those methodologies are classified by the differences of viewpoints of problem-solving, as the first generation and second generation. The accident analysis can be determined using three techniques of analysis; sequential techniques, epidemiological techniques and systemic techniques, where the marine accidents are included in the epidemiological technique. This study compares the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) methodology and the 4M Overturned Pyramid (MOP) model, which are applied to assess marine accidents. Furthermore, the MOP model can effectively describe the relationships of other factors which affect the accidents; whereas, the HEART methodology is only focused on human factors.
EN
Cognitive engineering is considered nowadays as interesting multidisciplinary domain that focuses on improving the relations between humans and the systems that are supervised and operated. The industrial automation and control systems (IACS) in hazardous plants are increasingly computerized and perform various safety functions. These are designed and implemented according to the functional safety concept. The objective is to maintain high performance / productivity and reduce various risks related to identified hazards and threats. An approach is proposed to apply selected cognitive engineering methods for verifying the design of the functional safety technology implemented in given hazardous plant in context of defined safety functions, operator interfaces, communication means and procedures. The methodology developed might be applied for functional safety management in life cycle of industrial hazardous plants and oil port terminals.
4
Content available Stany człowieka wpływające na jego niezawodność
PL
W artykule został przedstawiono stany człowieka – pracownika, mające wpływ na jego niezawodność. Wiedza o treści i zakresie możliwości człowieka jest konieczna do poprawy bezpieczeństwa pracy. Po pierwsze służy do kształtowania środowiska pracy, tak by było ono dostosowane do tych możliwości. Po wtóre wpływa na zapewnienia warunków rozwoju tychże możliwości, aby nie zostały one niewykorzystane.
EN
Following article presents employees conditions and its impact on their reliability. Knowledge about human’s capabilities is necessary to enhance safety at work. Firstly it serves developing a work environment which would be adapted to these capabilities. Secondly it impacts on providing conditions to enhancing mentioned capabilities, so they would not be wasted.
PL
Istotne znaczenie dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa działania złożonych systemów technicznych, takich jakimi są współczesne urządzenia i systemy sterowania ruchem kolejowym, ma niezawodność człowieka będącego jednym z elementów procesów realizowanych przez te systemy. W artykule podjęto próbę określenia zakresu ewentualnego zastosowania metod oceny niezawodności człowieka do systemów stosowanych w kolejnictwie. Omówiono podstawowe elementy analizy niezawodności człowieka i przedstawiono charakterystykę wybranych metod wykorzystywanych w tym celu. W podsumowaniu dokonano próby uzasadnienia celowości zmiany dotychczasowej zasady bezwzględnego priorytetu decyzji człowieka nad poleceniami wypracowanymi przez systemy srk. Dotyczy to szczególnie sytuacji awaryjnych.
EN
The human reliability is a factor of great importance for the safe operation of complex technical systems, such as the modern railway signalling equipment and systems, in which an individual is one of elements in processes performed by these systems. The article attempts to define the human reliability assessment possible application in railway signalling systems. The basic human reliability analysis elements and characteristics of selected methods applied for this purpose are discussed. The attempt at justification for reasonableness of the current rule change, which requires the absolute priority of the human decision over the orders worked out by the signalling system is given in the summary. Such a change would be particularly applicable to the degraded mode states.
EN
The aim of this article is to identify and discuss some methodological issues that are of interest among functional safety specialists and experts after publication of the second edition of international standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511, including the design and implementing the safety-related functions of higher safety integrity levels and protection layers. The basic role of safety-related systems is to reduce effectively and to control in time the individual and/or societal risk with regard to its tolerable levels. These issues include: risk criteria, reliability data, probabilistic models of systems operating in high and/or low mode, dependent failures, human reliability analysis, security of programmable safety-related systems, and reducing uncertainty issues in decision making process applying the cost-benefit analysis. Selected aspects of these issues are discussed and some challenges requiring further research are indicated.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia próbę syntezy metod oceny niezawodności człowieka z metodami oceny niezawodności obiektu technicznego w układzie człowiek-maszyna. W opracowaniu przedstawiono wskaźniki niezawodności człowieka proponowane przez psychologów jako mierniki prawdopodobieństwa bezbłędnej pracy człowieka. Przedstawiono również propozycję uwzględnienia wskaźników niezawodności człowieka w określeniu niezawodności układu człowiek-maszyna z zastosowaniem opisu matematycznego stosowanego w teorii niezawodności technicznej.
EN
This article presents an attempt of synthesis methods for human reliability assessment and methods for the assessment of the reliability of a technical object in the man-machine system. The paper presents indicators of human reliability proposed by psychologists as measures of the probability of human error-free operation. Also presented a proposal to take into account indicators of human reliability in determining the reliability of the human-machine system using mathematical description used in the theory of technical reliability.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono punkt widzenia zagadnień niezawodności podmiotów tworzenia (badań, projektowania i wytwarzania) oraz eksploatacji obiektów technicznych, a także niezawodności tych obiektów, przez pryzmat etycznych, poznawczych i estetycznych kategorii. Scharakteryzowano relacje między wybranymi kategoriami a niezawodnością człowieka. Opisano zagadnienia: zawodność podmiotów (człowieka – osób) wyróżnionych procesów a niezawodność obiektów technicznych. Dokonano rozważań w tym zakresie.
EN
In this paper the author presents the point of view of reliability problems of subjects of creation (researches, designing and production) and exploitation of technical objects, and reliability of these objects, through ethical, cognitive and aesthetic categories. The relations between selected categories and reliability of human are characterized in the paper. Problems: unreliability of subjects ( human – individuals of distinguished processes and reliability of technical are being described. Considerations are made in this sphere. Their ending is constituted by a conclusion.
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