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Physicochemical and Microbiological Characterization of Effluents from the Mohammed VI University Hospital in Marrakech and Study of Their Impact on the Environment

Ait Bella Ayoub, Abdessamad Hejjaj, Lafrikh Hayat, El Azzouzi El Habib

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

44--49

EN

Water pollution from sewage has become a subject of considerable public and scientific concern, given its demon-strated extreme toxicity to human health and biological ecosystems. Hospital wastewater poses a serious health risk to staff, the public, and the environment. This study was conducted to determine the physical, chemical and biological parameters of hospital wastewater from Mohammed VI University Hospital in Marrakech, which is discharged into the municipal sewage system, where it mixes with sewage from urban areas without prior treatment. This study was conducted between October 2022 and January 2023 with a sampling frequency of 15 days each. Hospital wastewater samples were collected at the main collector of all manholes in the hospital.Physicochemical characterization of the effluents from each department showed that they are heavily polluted with organic matter, with average values in the range of 750 mg/L COD, 512.14 mg/L BOD5 and 879.86 mg /L TSS. These values are higher than those recom-mended in the Moroccan discharge standards. Total phosphorus, sulfates, nitrates and nitrites are 5.92 mg/L, 427.97 mg/L, 7.39 mg/L and 0.60 mg/L, respectively. Bacteriological characterization shows that fecal coliform bacteria reach 12×106 CFU/100 mL. These effluents also contain pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections, especially Staphylococcus aureus. The ratio COD / BOD5 is about 1.46, a value indicating that hospital wastewater is readily biodegradable. Therefore, proper treatment of these hospital effluents is essential due to their physicochemical and pathogenic bacterial load, which can negatively affect public health and carry the risk of spreading epidemic diseases.

2

Impact of dissolved oxygen on hospital wastewater quality treated by SBBR in Basrah city, Iraq

Al-Rekabi Wisam S., Al-Khafaji Samar A., Janna Hussein

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2022

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Vol. 31, No. 1

14--25

EN

The hospitals close to the residences can make problems for the environment as a consequence of sewage drained into the water stream. Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) offers advantages for treating sewage; such as simple operation, flexible process, and cost-effective. The laboratory bench-scale experiments were carried out treating hospital wastewater (HWW) of one of Basrah hospital city by a fabricated SBBR reactor of 26 l working volume. The hospital wastewater has the following characteristics (average values): pH 7.3, BOD equal to 280 mg·l–1, COD equal to 550 mg·l–1, total phosphorus (TP) equal to 6.4 mg·l–1, ammonia (NH3-N) equal to 44 mg·l–1 and total suspended solid (TSS) equal to 272 mg·l–1. This research aims to estimate the performance of the SBBR system for treating hospital wastewater to enhance different effluent parameters such as COD, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia, and total phosphorous (TP) with various dissolved oxygen (DO) with range of 2.15–6.55 mg·l–1, the best DO values give these removal efficiencies for COD equal to 84.55%, NH3-N equal to 65.91% and TN between 78 and 18% for DO equal to 3.67 mg·l–1, while TP removal efficiency was 79.70% for DO equal to 6.55 mg·l–1. By comparison of the SBBR effluent with international standards for effluent sewage, it noticed COD concentration 85 mg·l–1, TN 12 mg·l–1 and TP 1.3 mg·l–1 met all standards (European, WHO, and China), while NH3-N 15 mg·l–1 was outside WHO and European standards, while satisfies only Chinese standard.

3

Treatment of Hospital Wastewater Using Activated Sludge with Extended Aeration

Custodio María, Cuadrado-Campó Walter, Peñaloza Richard, Vicuña-Orihuela Carmela, Torres-Gutiérrez Elmer, Orellana Edith

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

24--32

EN

Hospital wastewater is of a complex nature and is generally discharged into urban sewage systems. This study evaluated the removal efficiency of organic and biological contaminants from a hospital wastewater treatment plant using extended aeration activated sludge. The study was conducted at a treatment plant scale, with 14 hours of feed. The plant consists of a pre-filter, a collector and crumbler tank, a homogenization tank, two biological reactors of 80 000 liters capacity each, two settlers and a contact disinfection chamber. Three flow rates of 3 L/s, 4 L/s and 5 L/s were tested in each biological reactor, with application of three concentrations of residual chlorine with sodium hypochlorite to the effluent of the settling tanks (0.3 ppm, 0.4 ppm and 0.5 ppm). The removal efficiency of suspended solids varied according to flow rate. The reactor with a flow rate of 3 L/s and 0.5 ppm of residual chlorine achieved the highest removal of suspended solids (91.95%), biological oxygen demand (97.52%) and fecal coliforms (99.99%). Finally, the quality of the hospital wastewater is within the limits of the national and international environmental quality thresholds.

4

Study on the utilization of electrocoagulation concept as a disinfectant substitute in hospital wastewater

Fikri Elanda, Djuhriah Nanny, Hanurawaty Neneng Y.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2021

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Vol. 30, No. 2

261--270

EN

The purpose of this study is to identify differences in variations of contact time and number of electrode plates in electrocoagulation process on the decrease of total Coliforms in Bandung City hospital wastewater. An experimental research with factorial randomized design. The volume of wastewater sample to check the total Coliforms was a minimum of 100 ml, using 3 treatments and 6 repetitions. Data analysis used was two-way ANOVA test. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the number of plates (p = 0.269), contact time (p = 0.537), and the number of plates and contact time (p = 0.863) with the total Coliforms in electrocoagulation process. The use of 6 plates and 90 min contact time showed the best results in reducing total Coliforms, with effectiveness reaching 88.38%. This means that the concept is quite effective to use as a substitute for disinfectant.

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Collection of hospital wastewater data using deduplication approaches

Khan N. A., Sinha G. R., Ahmed S., Feshchenko A., Changani F., Qureshi A., Mazhar M. A., Neklonskyi I.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 104, nr 1

5--18

EN

Purpose: This investigation aims to study the various approaches currently used to reduce the load on computer servers in order to better manage data on hospital wastewater treatment and solid waste generation. Design/methodology/approach: This manuscript investigates the taxonomies of deduplication procedures based on literature and other data sources, thereby presenting its classification and its challenges in detection. Findings: Based on the literature survey of deduplication techniques, the method of deduplication dispensed on cloud gadget devices has been found to be a promising research challenge. The gaps discussed include a reduction in storage space, bandwidth, type of disks used, and expenditure on energy usage and heat emissions when implementing these strategies. The art work on a scalable, robust, green and allocated approach to deduplication for a cloud gadget will remain of interest in destiny. Research limitations/implications: Considerable attention is focused on the deduplication due to efficient, extensive storage system. Practical implications: This research paper will be useful to identify deduplication techniques which are nowadays used in different hospital wastewater data collection systems and put significant proposals for further improvements in deduplication. Originality/value: This manuscript portrays a broader assessment of the available literature for data duplication along with the classification of different methods for the data storage used in the different level of storage of hospital wastewater data collection.

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Klasyfikacja toksyczności ścieków szpitalnych w odniesieniu do kryteriów ich szkodliwości względem biocenoz wodnych

Zgórska Aleksandra, Grabińska-Sota Elżbieta

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 4

5--13

PL

W celu określenia potencjału toksykologicznego, a tym samym prognozowania skutków jakie może wywołać depozycja nieoczyszczonych lub też niedostatecznie oczyszczonych ścieków szpitalnych względem biocenoz zasiedlających akweny wodne stanowiące odbiorniki ścieków po procesie oczyszczania, przeprowadzono analizę ekotoksykologiczną. Badania przeprowadzono na rzeczywistych próbkach ścieków szpitalnych. Zakres analizy ekotoksykologicznej obejmował przeprowadzenie następujących testów: testy immobilizacji skorupiaków Daphnia magna, test przeżywalności skorupiaków z gatunku Thamnocephalus platyourus oraz Artemia salina, a także test inhibicji wzrostu kolonii orzęsków Tetrahymena termophila. W ramach każdego testu, w oparciu o wyniki cząstkowe wyznaczono wartości wskaźników ekotoksykologicznych EC 50 (ang. effect concentration), które następnie przekształcono na jednostki toksyczności TU (ang. Toxic Unit) na podstawie których dokonano klasyfikacji toksyczności analizowanych próbek ścieków. W ramach przeprowadzonych badań, próbki ścieków szpitalnych sklasyfikowane zostały jako medium charakteryzującego się ostrą toksycznością. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że ścieki szpitalne stanowią poważne zagrożenie względem organizmów zasiedlających ekosystemy wodne, a ich niedostateczne oczyszczenie lub też niekontrolowany zrzut do środowiska może wywołać katastrofalne skutki względem organizmów zasiedlających narażoną biocenozę.

EN

In order to assess the toxicological potential and thus forecast the potential effect posed by untreated hospital wastewater discharges according to exposed ecosystem, the ecotoxicological analysis were performed. During the study the real samples of hospital wastewater were used. The ecotoxicological analysis included the following tests: immobilization test according to crustacean Daphnia magna; mortality test according to crustacean Thamnocephalus platyourus and Artemia salina and growth inhibition test relative to ciliates Tetrahymena termophila. Within each test, the value of ecotoxicological indicators EC50 (effect concentration) were estimated. The EC50 value were transformed into the Toxic Unit (TU), basis of which the analyzed hospital wastewater samples were classified. The results proves that hospital wastewater pose a serious threat to exposed aquatic organisms and their insufficient purification as well as uncontrolled discharge into the environment may cause adverse changes in the environment.

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Monitoring of bacterial biodiversity in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) dealing with wastewater containing X-ray contrast media compounds

Węgrzyn A., Żabczyński S.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 1

151--164

EN

Iodinated contrast media compounds (ICM) have been identified in wastewater within the last 20 years. In this study, the biodiversity of activated sludge in anaerobic membrane bioreactors dealing with synthetic hospital wastewater with addition of ICM was investigated, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). During the adaptation of microorganisms to anaerobic growth conditions and to ICM presence, differences in the content of Alpha- and Betaproteobacteria were noted and bioreactors showed higher biological diversity (H = 2.9), suggesting that ICM were not toxic to the bacteria. The long sludge age had the strongest influence on the composition of activated sludge biocenosis.

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PCR-RAPD optimization for hospital wastewater genotoxic influence analysis on Allium cepa root meristem cells

Szulc M., Zgórska A., Ziembińska A.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2012

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Vol. 5, no. 1

79-86

EN

PCR-RAPD (Polymerase Chain Reaction – Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) is a PCR based method used for biodiversity, phylogenetics, genotoxicity and cancerogenesis research. It possesses several advantages, such as no necessity for information about DNA sequence or multiple primers usage for generating a great deal of fingerprints data. But on the other hand PCR-RAPD is known to be unrepeatable and generating unspecific PCR products, if PCR is not optimized for a particular biological material. The aim of this experiment was to optimize PCR-RAPD with a modified Taguchi method for its usage for genotoxicity analysis. The research was performed on DNA isolated from onion (Allium cepa) root meristem cells. The plants were grown on medium containing an increasing concentration of hospital wastewater in order to observe its genotoxic influence on eukaryotic DNA. The wastewater derived from Hospital for Phthisiatry and Lung Diseases in Pilchowice, Poland, where large amount of anti-tuberculosis and anti-cancer drugs are used. The research proved modified Taguchi method being useful for optimal PCR mixture. In the experiment repeatable RAPD results with no additional nonspecific PCR products were received. It was also stated that PCR-RAPD is useful for genotoxicity analysis performed with plant DNA.

PL

PCR-RAPD (Polymerase Chain Reaction – Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) jest odmianą PCR wykorzystywaną w badaniach bioróżnorodności, filogenezy, genotoksyczności oraz kancerogenezy. Do jej zalet zalicza się brak konieczności znajomości badanej sekwencji DNA oraz możliwość użycia wielu rodzajów starterów reakcji. Z drugiej strony jednak wyniki uzyskiwane tą metodą są uznawane za niepowtarzalne, a w reakcji PCR generowane są często niespecyficzne produkty, jeśli metoda nie jest zoptymalizowana do badanego materiału. Celem tego eksperymentu była optymalizacja techniki PCR-RAPD za pomocą zmodyfikowanej metody Taguchi, wykorzystanej do badań nad genotoksycznością ścieków szpitalnych. Badania prowadzono na DNA izolowanym z komórek merystemów korzenia cebuli (Allium cepa), hodowanych na pożywce zawierającej rosnące stężenia ścieków szpitalnych, pochodzących ze Szpitala Chorób Płuc w Pilchowicach, uznawanych za potencjalnie genotoksyczne w stosunku do komórek eukariotycznych, ze względu na wysoką zawartość pozostałości leków przeciwgruźlicznych i antynowotworowych. Przeprowadzone analizy udowodniły użyteczność zmodyfikowanej metody Taguchi do optymalizacji składu mieszaniny reakcyjnej do techniki PCR-RAPD. Uzyskane wyniki były powtarzalne, a w trakcie reakcji nie generowano niespecyficznych produktów PCR. Stwierdzono również użyteczność metody PCR-RAPD do analiz genotoksyczności z użyciem roślinnego DNA.

9

Toxicity assessment of hospital wastewater by the use of a biotest battery

Zgórska A., Arendarczyk A., Grabińska-Sota E.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2011

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Vol. 37, no. 3

55-61

EN

In the paper toxicity assessment of hospital wastewaters samples was performed using direct-contact tests consisting of five species, which represent three different trophic levels of the food chain. IC_50 or EC_50 values were estimated for each tested organism: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata IC_50/72h 18.77%, Daphnia magna EC_50/48h 20.76%, Thamnocephalus platyurus EC_50/24h 22.62%, Artemia salina EC_50/24h 59.87% and Vibrio fisheri EC_50/15min 46.17%. Toxic potential of hospital wastewater was described using a system of wastewater toxicity classification. The toxic units (TU) values estimated for each test indicate that hospital wastewaters are toxic (Class III). The variable results of the tests' sensitivity confirmed the need of application of microbiotests battery with organisms of different trophic levels.

PL

Do oceny potencjału toksykologicznego ścieków szpitalnych zastosowano baterię biotestów z wykorzystaniem pięciu gatunków reprezentujących trzy różne poziomy troficzne. Wartości wskaźników ekotoksykologicznych wyznaczone w poszczególnych testach wyniosły: test inhibicji wzrostu glonów Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata IC_50/72h 18,77%, testy toksyczności ostrej z wykorzystaniem skorupiaków Daphnia magna EC_50/48h 20,76%, Thamnocephalus platyurus EC_50/24h 22,62%, Artemia salina EC_50/24h 59,87% oraz test toksyczności chronicznej z wykorzystaniem bakterii morskich Vibrio fischeri EC_50/15min 46,17%. Dla każdego testu obliczono jednostki toksyczności TU, na podstawie których analizowane próby ścieków szpitalnych zaklasyfikowano jako toksyczne. Szeroki zakres otrzymanych wartości wskaźników ekotoksykologicznych wyznaczonych dla poszczególnych organizmów testowych, potwierdza konieczność stosowania rozbudowanej pod względem różnorodności organizmów baterii biotestów.