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The Masterly Projective Pattern Across Form and Symbolism in Las Meninas by Diego Velazquez

Cocchiarella L.

Journal Biuletyn of Polish Society for Geometry and Engineering Graphics

2016

Vol. 29

53--57

Aim of this paper is to focus on the intrinsic connection between perspective pattern and symbolism in Las Meninas, the enigmatic art masterpiece painted by Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez in 1656. Most intriguing steps in this work have been the search for information about the not yet existing room depicted, and the geometrical investigation concerning reflection in the mirror. Graphic reconstruction has been based on the modern homological approach.

W niniejszej pracy pokazano ścisły związek pomiędzy zasadami perspektywy a symboliką przedstawioną w Las Meninas, enigmatycznym dziele autorstwa Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez powstałym w 1656 roku. Szczegółowa analiza geometryczna dotyczyła informacji niesionej przez treść obrazu w pokoju i odbicia w lustrze. W rekonstrukcji graficznej wykorzystano geometryczną zasadę homologii.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832). Metoda genetyczna i francuski aforyzm. W 180. rocznicę śmierci poety – przyrodnika

Bednarczyk A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2012

R. 57, nr 3/4

7--66

The present-day scientific issues (participation in a dispute between G. Cuvier and É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1830 in the form of a two-part article written on this topic - 1830, 1832) and also the editorial activities connected with the scientific field-such as, participation in the editing and publishing (1831) of a French translation of his former botanical study Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären (1790), which he recently provided with revised additional materials (the autobiography of the poet as a naturalist and the course of reception of the concept of metamorphosis) were matters which imported Goethe nearly until the last years of his life. It was in Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären where a detail previously absent from his natural writings appeared there for the first time, namely a French motto opening a part containing these additional materials: Voir venir les choses est le meilleur moyen de les expliquer. This only one sentence, maintained in the aphoristic form, whose author was, a little known at that time, French botanist and illustrator, Pierre-Jean-François Turpin (1775-1840), explains in the most concise way possible the very essence of the genetic method. This said method, widely practiced by Goethe in the natural studies from the early age, constituted an important component of his methodological set of instruments and gave a special expression to his way of understanding the world. The article analyses the German translation of Turpin’s aphorism, as made by Goethe, in which a certain teleological nuance was noticed, not existing in the original French version; as such, it remains in an apparent contradiction with the general and antiteleological scientific attitude of Goethe. The mentioned aphorism was compared in terms of accuracy to several translations into European languages. Furthermore, the question of Turpin’s aphorism being allegedly assigned to Aristotle was also taken into consideration. In the article, the proper genetic method based on textual evidences, drawn from Goethe’s scientific works, was reconstructed and its extensive and varied applications familiar to the poet natural sciences. It was noted that the developed by Goethe genetic method (similarly as presenting it Turpin’s aphorism) had its origins in the same morphology, was used to solve specific epistemological problems of biology at that time, and was not the product of- contrary to what many historians of biology claim - influential in those days German Naturphilosophie. In the article, above all, however, a lot of attention was paid to the position which the genetic method occupied in morphology, interpreted by Goethe in a physiological and typological way. Particularly great importance was paid to it in the developed by Goethe theory of morphological type associated with a comparative method and introducing there the principle of continuity, to which he assigned a special theoretical and philosophical importance. Finally, the relations of the genetic method with contemporary typological morphology and the used here concept of homology were presented.