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Optical method for homogeneity testing of thin films electrodes for photovoltaic cells

Iwanek S., Sanetra Jerzy, Marszałek Konstanty W.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

2022

R. 98, nr 9

239--242

The new non-destructive, optical method for homogeneity of photovoltaic cells testing is presented. The uniformity of thickness and optical constants of the deposited large area electrodes (15.6*15.6 cm*cm) were measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The sputtering deposition equipment for metallic electrodes (Al, Mo) was designed and run. The ALD equipment was used for transparent electrodes deposition (ZnO:Al). Description of vacuum deposition systems as well as tests resultants are presented.

Przedstawiono nową, nieniszczącą, optyczną metodę badania jednorodności ogniw fotowoltaicznych. Jednorodność grubości i stałych optycznych osadzonych elektrod o dużej powierzchni (15,6*15,6 cm*cm) zmierzono metodą elipsometrii spektroskopowej. Zaprojektowano i uruchomiono urządzenie do napylania jonowego elektrod metalicznych (Al, Mo). Do osadzania elektrod przezroczystych (ZnO:Al) zastosowano urządzenie ALD. Przedstawiono opis systemów do napylania próżniowego oraz wyniki badań.

Long-term analysis of air temperatures variability and trends on the Romanian Black Sea Coast

Bosneagu Romeo, Lupu Carmen Elena, Torica Emil, Lupu Sergiu, Vatu Nicolae, Tanase Viorel Mihai, Vasilache Camelia, Daneci-Patrau Daniel, Scurtu Ionut Cristian

Acta Geophysica

2022

Vol. 70, no 5

2179--2197

Air temperature is one of the most important parameters that contribute to weather variability over time, being influenced by the flow of solar radiation, the general circulation of currents in the atmosphere relief. The present paper analyzes the minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures in Dobrogea, on the Romanian Black Sea coastal area, aiming to illustrate their evolution, which is a precondition for sustainable development in this region, from the perspective of regional and global climate changes. The weather stations included in this study are Constanta, Mangalia, Gura Portitei, Sfantu Gheorghe, and Sulina. The Pettit Test and the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test were used to determine changes in the evolution of the air temperature. For the period 1990–2020, the analysis of the change points, with a 95% confidence level, shows a particularly interesting situation supporting the general evolution of air temperature at global level. Nonparametric tests including linear regression, Mann–Kendall, and Sen's slope tests were used to analyze trends for monthly, seasonal, and annual series. Results showed an increasing trend in the annual minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures in all five weather stations.

Detection of trends and break points in temperature: the case of Umbria (Italy) and Guadalquivir Valley (Spain)

Herrera-Grimaldi P., García-Marín A., Ayuso-Muñoz J. L., Flamini A., Morbidelli R., Ayuso-Ruíz J. L.

Acta Geophysica

2018

Vol. 66, no. 3

329--343

The increase of air surface temperature at global scale is a fact with values around 0.85 °C since the late nineteen century. Nevertheless, the increase is not equally distributed all over the world, varying from one region to others. Thus, it becomes interesting to study the evolution of temperature indices for a certain area in order to analyse the existence of climatic trend in it. In this work, monthly temperature time series from two Mediterranean areas are used: the Umbria region in Italy, and the Guadalquivir Valley in southern Spain. For the available stations, six temperature indices (three annual and three monthly) of mean, average maximum and average minimum temperature have been obtained, and the existence of trends has been studied by applying the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test. Both regions show a general increase in all temperature indices, being the pattern of the trends clearer in Spain than in Italy. The Italian area is the only one at which some negative trends are detected. The presence of break points in the temperature series has been also studied by using the non-parametric Pettit test and the parametric standard normal homogeneity test (SNHT), most of which may be due to natural phenomena.