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1

Homeopatia. Cz. 2

Chrząstek L., Dondela B.

Chemistry, Environment, Biotechnology

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2014

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Vol. 17

43--60

PL

W artykule omówiono główne zasady homeopatii (prawo prawdopodobieństwa, energia życiowa, indywidualizm, minimalna dawka substancji leczniczej). Omówiono również wybrane substancje aktywne stosowane w homeopatii: surowce roślinne (arnikę górską, aloes, czy kamelię chińską), surowce pochodzenia zwierzęcego (jad węży, produkty pszczele), surowce ze świata mineralnego (sól morska, glinki) oraz pierwiastki (złoto, srebro, węgiel – diament). Metodyka. Przeprowadzono krótką ankietę na temat homeopatii i zastosowania kosmetyków homeopatycznych. W ankiecie wzięły udział 83 anonimowe osoby, różnej płci i w różnym wieku. Ankieta została umieszczona na dwóch znanych internetowych portalach kosmetycznych (wizaż.pl, kafeteria.pl) oraz została wypełniona przez przypadkowe osoby w formie odręcznej. W ten sposób ankietowani stanowili grupę osób z różnych stron Polski oraz osób z różnym statusem społecznym. Informacje te umieszczono na wykresach dotyczących znajomości pojęcia „homeopatia” oraz wyboru i stosowania kosmetyków homeopatycznych czy tradycyjnych. Wyniki i wnioski. Pozytywnie może nastrajać fakt, iż 31 (na 83 osoby) osób przyznało się do stosowania homeopatycznych kosmetyków. Najczęściej kupowanymi kosmetykami homeopatycznymi według przeprowadzonej ankiety, były preparaty przeznaczone do pielęgnacji twarzy i włosów. Żaden z ankietowanych nie odnotował niepożądanych efektów po stosowaniu homeopatycznych kosmetyków. Tylko 28% ankietowanych zadeklarowało wyższość homeopatycznych kosmetyków nad ich tradycyjnymi rywalami.

EN

The inquiry consisting of questions concerning homeopathy and application of homeopathic cosmetics was made. 83 anonymous people of all ages, women and men took part in the survey which was placed on the famous web pages (wizaż.pl, cafeteria.pl). Results were presented in the diagrams. According to them 31 out of 83 people admitted to applying homeopathic cosmetics, only 28% of respondents declared superiority of the homeopathy over traditional cosmetics. Nobody noticed side effects after application of homeopathic cosmetics.

2

Homeopatia. Cz. 1

Chrząstek L., Dondela B.

Chemistry, Environment, Biotechnology

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2014

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Vol. 17

21--42

PL

Homeopatia to metoda medycyny niekonwencjonalnej polegająca na podaniu osobie chorej substancji w bardzo małych dawkach, która u zdrowego człowieka mogłaby wywołać objawy zbliżone do występujących u chorego. Przez społeczeństwo jest niesłusznie postrzegana jako ziołolecznictwo, aromaterapia, a nawet organoterapia. Stosowane w homeopatii leki są bezpieczne i łatwe w użyciu. Substancje lecznicze używane w preparatach homeopatycznych przygotowywane są według zasad rozcieńczania i wstrząsania. Do głównych zasad homeopatii klasycznej należy m.in. prawo prawdopodobieństwa, energia życiowa, indywidualizm, minimalna dawka substancji leczniczej. Preparaty homeopatyczne sporządza się z naturalnych składników, w tym przede wszystkim z surowców pochodzenia roślinnego, zwierzęcego i mineralnego. Również patologiczne wydzieliny zwierząt i ludzi znalazły zastosowanie w homeopatii. Wśród surowców roślinnych w kosmetykach homeopatycznych można spotkać: arnikę górską, aloes, czy rumianek pospolity. Preparaty zawierające surowce pochodzenia zwierzęcego otrzymywane są głównie poprzez użycie całych ich produktów i wydzielin (jad węży, produkty pszczele). Natomiast świat mineralny dostarcza różnych związków takich jak: sól morska, glinki, pierwiastki (złoto, srebro, selen, krzem itp.) i inne.

EN

Homeopathy is a branch of alternative medicine. In this patient is given a substance in a very small doses. This doses have therapeutic action on a patient whereas it can be harmful for a health person and could cause the symptoms similar to the ill. Homeopathy is wrongly interpreted as herbalism, aromatherapy and also organotherapy. Medicines used in homeopathy are safe and easy to administer by the patient. Therapeutic substances used in homeopathic remedies are prepared according to rules of dilution and shaking. Main rules of classical homeopathy are: the law of probability, vital energy, individualism, minimum dose of therapeutic substance. Homeopathic medicines are made of natural components, mainly raw materials coming from plants, animals and minerals. Also pathological secretions of animals and people are used in homeopathy. Among plants in homeopathic cosmetics are used: mountain arnica, aloe, chamomile. Medicines containing animal components are received from all their products and secretions (snake venom, bee’s products). Raw materials of minerals provides different compounds as: sea salt, clays, elements like: gold, silver, selenium, silicon and others.

3

W poszukiwaniu fizykochemicznych podstaw homeopatii

Tyczkowski J., Tyczkowska-Sieroń E.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2005

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[Z] 59, 9-10

807--863

EN

Homeopathy is an alternative medicine system that uses ultra-low doses of substances derived from plants, minerals, or animals for the purpose of stimulating the natural healing response of the body. There are two central tenets, on which homeopathy is based: the law of similars and potentization (dilution and shaking), Despite conventional science's unwillingness to grant homeopathy a serious platform, it is difficult to ignore a subject that has survived 200 years of scientific skepticism and is more and more popular alternative system of medicine, Two main questions, however, accompany the whole history of this complementary method: are homeopathic remedies really effective? And if it is true: what is a mechanism of the homeopathic effects? Homeopathy remedies are prepared in a very specific manner. The original substance, called mother tincture, is progressively diluted in a solvent (water, ethanol) and "potentized" by violent shaking between each dilution. It is obvious that after a definite number of dilutions the obtained solution is statistically unlikely to contain a single molecule of the original compound. Such solutions are called ultra-highly diluted (UHD) solutions. Looking for a scientific basis of homeopathy, it is very important to distinguish between remedies containing a low but real dose of the original substance, for which their efficacy is within the limits of what is today's knowledge, and remedies without molecules of the original compounds (UHD solutions), of which effects (if so) are beyond our understanding. Research on the UHD solutions can roughly be classified into three topics. The first concerns clinical investigations on efficacy of homeopathic remedies and their comparison with placebo. Although a lot of trials and meta-analysis have been performed, the general conclusion is totally ambiguous. The latest reports, however, strongly support the notion that the clinical effects of homeopathy are placebo effects. The second topic includes laboratory research on the biological effects, sometimes called preclinical research. The best-known and the most controversial at the same time results were published in 1988 by Benveniste, a once highly respected immunologist, that advocated the existence of biological effects of UHD solutions. Since then numerous experiments have been carried out on laboratory biological systems. Unfortunately, these studies, just as in the case of clinical research, are far from giving incontrovertible evidence for the UHD effects. Finally, the third research topic, which makes the main subject of this paper, is focused on physical, chemical and physicochemical investigations of the UHD solutions. In general, all these investigations are based on the water memory hypothesis and concentrate on the search for physicochemical differences between the UHD solutions and their "pure" solvents. The authors of this paper present herein all published more significant results concerning physicochemical studies carried out on the UHD solutions and undertake an attempt to answer a question, namely whether there is any evidence, on the basis of these results, that can explicitly prove the water memory effect. The results are collected in a few sections according to physicochemical phenomena. The first of these sections (Section 4.2) is devoted to UV-VIS spectroscopy, and investigations of photoabsorption, photoluminescence and thermoluminescence are discussed. Than the studies of "pure" water and the UHD solutions by IR and Raman spectroscopies are presented. The next section includes findings that are related to NMR spectroscopy. NMR has turned out to be a very useful technique to study of dynamic properties of liquid water. Although the earlier tests showed evident differences between various UHD solutions and their solvents, the recent investigations are not so optimistic giving negative replications. It indicates that the previous NMR results should be thoroughly revisited. Similarly, reanalysis of the results concerning thermo-dynamic study, described in the Section 4.5, is also desirable. These investigations were carried out only by one research team from University of Naples and it has not been replicated by another, more "conventional" way. A large proportion of the work is devoted to electrical properties of the UHD solutions and its comparison to pure water and conventional solutions. In this section (Section 4.6), measurements of the electrical conductivity and capacitance, electrical breakdowns, corona discharges, and electrochemical processes are discussed. It is shown that also in this case we can propose the explanation of the observed effects without invoking the water memory hypothesis. In the last part of the sections, in which we can familiarize with physicochemical investigations on the UHD solutions, very questionable measurements of molecular signals and their transmission by electromagnetic means are reported. This issue is closely connected with "digital biology" - a new controversial of science. Summarizing the mentioned above results of physicochemical investigations we can come to a conclusion that without any doubt in many instances the differences in properties between UHD solutions and their solvents exist. In the light of this fact the crucial problem emerges: is it possible: to explain these differences by "conventional" causes or we have to create a new idea that will transform the face of the science? In Sec. 5 we collect both hypotheses based on well-known phenomena (Sec. 5.1), for example ion extraction from the glass during shaking gas dissolving, native impurities of solvents, mechano-catalytic processes, heterogeneity of solutions, and new but disputed hypotheses (Sec. 5.2) originated from the general conception of water memory. It is shown in the paper that the latter hypotheses do not hold up to criticism provided by the modern established knowledge. It is also concluded that today there is no reason to construct groundbreaking theories and the observed phenomena can be explained by "conventional" way. It is very important to remember the following Aristotle's thought: if we want to accept any truth as the scientific knowledge, it must originate from other truths. .

4

Recepcja homeopatii w polskiej myśli medycznej XIX stulecia

Płonka-Syroka B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2001

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R. 46, nr 1

7--28

PL

Problem dziewiętnastowiecznej recepcji doktryny S.F. Hahnemanna w polskiej myśli medycznej XIX wieku i uwarunkowań tego procesu nie był dotąd w polskiej historiografii medycyny szerzej podejmowany. Opublikowałam wcześniej na ten temat kilka opracowań, a także poświęciłam mu nieco uwagi w obszernym studium dotyczącym recepcji elementów niemieckiej myśli medycznej w polskiej społeczności lekarskiej. Chciałabym w niniejszym studium przedstawić przebieg i uwarunkowania recepcji homeopatii w świadomości polskiego środowiska lekarskiego.

EN

The problem of the spread of homeopathy in the Polish medical milieu of the 19th century, as well as an analysis of the circumstances in which the process took place, has not yet received extensive treatment in Polish historiography of medicine. Apart from the earlier publications by B. Płonka-Syroka (1990, 1997, 1998) it has not been investigated by Polish historians of science either. The current study tries to fill that gap, by concentrating on the two major aspects relating to the background for the reception of S.F. Hahnemann's doctrine in Poland. The study presents the structure of homeopathy as a medical doctrine, that is both its theoretical foundation and the methods of treatment that Hahnemann considered rational and effective. It also discusses the social circumstances that favoured the spread of homeopathy among patients, and which contributed to its main tenets being accepted by some physicians. The study describes the critical attitudes towards Hahnemanns's theory and praxis held by representatives of Polish clinical medicine in the first half of the 19th century (such as J.M. Brodowicz, L. Bierkowski, J. Ditel, F. Hechel, J. Frank, F. Rymkiewicz, A.F. Adamowicz, A.F. Wolff, J.B. Freyer and others) and looks for the sources of such attitudes. The study also presents the reception of homeopathy in Polish medical writing and in popular writings on health, up to the end of the 19th century. Both in the first and in the second half of the 19th century most representatives of the Polish medical milieu believed Hahnemann's doctrine to be a conception devoid of any rational basis and one that was impossible to verify empirically. Polish medical writing refused to interpret those cases in which a patient was cured after being administered homeoptahic drugs - believed by the proponents of homeopathy to be sufficient evidence for the rationality and effectiveness of the doctrine - as providing testimony of the doctrine's scientific plausibility. Instead, such cases were interpreted in other ways, complying with the standards adopted in Polish clinical medicine of those times.