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1

Influence of longitudinal composite reinforcement on the structural behavior of glued laminated timber with openings

Jończyk Damian, Blikharskyy Yaroslav

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo

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2022

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Z. 28 (178)

21-26

PL

Drewno klejone warstwowo jest obecnie często wykorzystywane w budownictwie. Najczęściej z drewna klejonego warstwowo wykonywane są dźwigary nośne, w których często ze względów architektonicznych istnieje potrzeba wykonania otworów pod różnego rodzaju instalacje. Otwory te osłabiają sztywność. Coraz bardziej powszechnym rozwiązaniem jest wzmacnianie belek drewnianych podłużnymi elementami kompozytowymi. W artykule przeprowadzono obliczenia numeryczne analizujące wpływ podłużnego zbrojenia kompozytowego w formie prętów BFRP na ugięcie belek z drewna klejonego z otworami.

EN

Glued laminated timber is now often used in construction. Most often, glued laminated timber is used to make load-bearing beams, in which there is often a need for architectural reasons to make openings for various types of installations. These openings weaken the stiffness. An increasingly common solution is to reinforce wooden beams with longitudinal composite elements. The paper presents numerical calculations analyzing the influence of longitudinal composite reinforcement in the form of BFRP bars on the deflection of glued laminated timber beams with openings.

2

Azotowanie gazowe powierzchni wewnętrznych długich otworów

Filipowicz M., Wach P., Burdyński K., Michalski J., Komorek Z.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

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2018

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nr 2

24--29

PL

W przemysłowych zastosowaniach obróbek cieplno-chemicznych azotowanie gazowe jest szeroko rozpowszechnioną metodą azotowania. Azotowaniu podlegają elementy o różnych kształtach i wielkościach, m.in. wiertła, frezy, matryce, wały, pierścienie, kulki łożyskowe itp., charakteryzujące się często skomplikowanym kształtem. Aby warstwy azotowane cechowały się dobrymi właściwościami eksploatacyjnymi powinny mieć kontrolowaną grubość zarówno strefy dyfuzyjnej, jak i przypowierzchniowej warstwy azotków żelaza. Przy prawidłowo przygotowanej powierzchni na stalach niskostopowych po azotowaniu otrzymuje się równomierną warstwę azotowaną. W przypadkach, w których trudno prawidłowo przygotować powierzchnię, np. w elemencie o skomplikowanym kształcie czy z cienkimi otworami wewnętrznymi, mogą wystąpić niejednorodności struktury warstwy azotowanej lub nawet całkowity jej brak. Problemem podczas azotowania nie jest zatem powierzchnia zewnętrzna elementów obrabianych lecz wewnętrzna. Celem pracy była ocena możliwości azotowania głębokich otworów o małej średnicy. Badania zrealizowano na walcowych próbkach ze stali niestopowej oraz niskostopowych z wydrążonymi elektroiskrowo i mechanicznie otworami przelotowymi oraz nieprzelotowymi. Na przygotowanych próbkach, w oparciu o przeprowadzone badania metalograficzne i badania twardości, oceniono jakość wytworzonych warstw azotowych.

EN

In industrial applications of thermo-chemical treatments, gas nitriding is a widespread method of nitriding. Elements of various shapes and sizes are nitrided, including drills, cutters, dies, shafts, rings, bearing balls, etc. often characterized by a complicated shape. In order for the layers to have good operational properties they should have a controlled thickness of both the diffusion zone, and the near-surface layer of iron nitrides. With a properly prepared surface on low alloy steels, a uniform nitrided layer is obtained after nitriding. In cases, where it is difficult to prepare the surface properly, e.g. in a complicated shape element or an element with thin internal openings, there may be inhomogeneities in the structure of the nitrided layer or even its complete absence. The problem during nitriding is, therefore not the external surface of the workpieces but the internal one. The aim of the work was to assess the possibility of nitriding deep holes with small diameters. The tests were carried out on cylindrical specimens of unalloyed and low-alloy steel with electro-bored and mechanically hollow through holes and blind holes. The quality of the obtained nitrided layers was evaluated on the prepared samples on the basis of metallographic and hardness tests.

3

Buckling of rectangular plates with different central holes

Benguediab S., Kettaf F. Z., Benguediab M.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 21, nr 4

885--895

EN

The behavior of thin rectangular perforated plates under the action of uniform compressive deformation is studied using finite element analysis. The central holes are either circular holes or square holes. The effects of plate-support conditions, plate aspect ratio, hole geometry, and hole size on the buckling strengths of the perforated plates was studied. The results show that for the same plate weight density, the buckling strengths of the plates with square holes generally surpass those of the plates with circular holes over the range of hole sizes.

4

The Influence of The Degree of the Rivet Hole Sizing on the Fatigue Life

Lipski A.

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

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2012

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Iss. 4

64--69

EN

The paper presents the results of fatigue tests of specimens with sized rivet holes. Samples for tests were made of 0.05'' (1.27 mm) thick non-clad plates of aluminium grade 2024-T3. Rivet holes were prepared assuming that they shall be used for 3 mm nominal diameter snap head rivets for aviation-related purposes. Different sizing degrees were achieved by drilling holes of different diameters in the samples followed by the sizing process using a sizing mandrel of the same diameter of 3.15 mm. Holes in the test samples were drilled using special device ensuring appropriate quality and repeatability of the holes. Five different sizing degrees were achieved be means of five drills of different diameters. Samples with holes of varying degrees of sizing were tested under constant amplitude sinusoidal loading conditions (cycle asymmetry coefficient R = 0) at the load frequency of 5 Hz. The study was conducted at three levels of maximum stress in the cycle. Fatigue life test results were presented in the form of fatigue diagrams (regression lines) determined in the bi-logarithmic coordinate system log N, log Smax. The results of the fatigue life tests received for the drilled as well as drilled and reamed holes were also presentedfor comparison. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that that the lowest fatigue life characterises samples with drilled holes and drilled and reamed holes. Fatigue life of specimens with holes for rivets improved (by 50% to 74%, depending on load level), even as a result of the hole surface polishing only (minimum sizing degree), whilst the two-fold growth of fatigue life was achieved for holes of a slight sizing degree. A further significant increase in fatigue life was achieved by the cold work of the hole's surface. Based on the location of the fatigue diagrams and the fatigue life tests results, it may be concluded that the higher a sizing degree, the higher the fatigue life growth. The growth is also proportional to the specimen load level: the lower the load level, the higher the fatigue life growth. Fatigue diagrams obtained from tests were divided into three groups: diagrams for drilled holes and drilled and reamed holes, diagrams for holes with a low degree of sizing and diagrams for holes with a high degree of sizing. This division was confirmed by statistical tests of regression lines parallelism by the “peer-to-peer” method.