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Teatr operowy - geneza, kształtowanie formy

Sygulska A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura i Urbanistyka

2011

Z. 21

105-122

W pracy przedstawiono rozwój architektury teatru operowego. Ukazano ewolucję przestrzeni teatru antycznego do momentu powstania barokowej sceny pudełkowej. Zaprezentowano charakterystyczne cechy sceny barokowej. Następnie omówiono historię gatunku operowego, powstawanie pierwszych teatrów operowych oraz kształtowanie formy wnętrza teatru w odniesieniu do sztuki śpiewu i przemian społecznych. Skupiono się na najważniejszych elementach, składających się na wnętrze teatru, takich jak: scena, kanał orkiestrowy, widownia, zaplecze. Przedstawione zagadnienia poparto przykładami konkretnych rozwiązań.

The paper presents developments of architecture of opera theatre. The beginning of theatrical architecture dates back to antic times. However the antic greek drama cannot be treated as the beginning of an opera. The word was the most important in drama, in opera word is joint with music, there is an integration of scenic action with music. Opera was born in Italy. "Dafne" by J. Peri written in 1598 is the first opera work. The first public theatre was open in 1637 in Venice, whereas the first real opera building was built in 1652 in Rome. The number of opera theatres grew suddenly. One of the reasons for that fact was that the opera spectacle was the richest answer to baroque needs. Opera spectacles under open sky were very popular. Especially important for the public was the true scenical action, hence the creation of different installation began. The opera house often burned. This happened to the best buildings in the history of architecture. That was the reason for using separate stairs and metal curtain between the audience and the stage. The space arrangement of audience transformed with the social changing. In XVIII century opera reached a wider range of people. The boxes characteristic in opera house architecture stem from the court gallery and automatically took over court audience. In public theater only in XIX century places on the ground floor was considered the best place. Earlier it was the standing place and was the cheapest. Orchestra in the antic Greek theatre signified forestage. When opera house was created the group of musicians took that place and the orchestra pit came into being. When orchestra developed it was necessary to have more space in orchestra pit. Often theatres were not ready for the change and there was not enough place in orchestra pit to accommodate a large orchestra. Nowadays we can divide orchestra pits into three types. The first one is an open pit, the second is a sunken pit and the third one is a sunken covered pit. Together with the development of an opera theatre also the technical background develops. There is lack of space for technical activity in many theatres. So the decoration workshops and stores are moved away from the opera house. The faster changes occurred in the biggest and the richest theatres.