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Causes of Water Erosion and Benefits of Antierosion Measures in Model Locality Starovice – Hustopeče (South Moravia Region, Czech Republic)

Karásek Petr, Kučera Josef, Szturc Jan, Podhrázská Jana, Konečná Jana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

95--105

EN

The agricultural land found in the Czech Republic is strongly degraded by water erosion. The main reasons for this situation are the changes in the landscape caused by large-area agricultural production in the second half of the 20th century. In the model locality Starovice – Hustopeče (223.5 ha) (South Moravia Region), we analysed the changes in the landscape structure and land use for the period 1825-2018. In 1825, the mean size of a land block was 0.4 ha. In 1968, the studied locality consisted of just one land block of a size of 223.5 ha. This period marks the beginning of massive water erosion. In 2003, the locality was proposed for land consolidation. Its goal was to reduce erosion and the risk of floods. To date, a number of protective measures have been applied in the locality. The risk of water erosion was assessed for the landscape state in 1968 and 2018 in GIS using the USLE method. The effect of the adopted measures was strongly manifested in the reduction of the erosion risk (by 44%). The transport of sediment out of the locality was assessed for 1968 and 2018 by means of the WaTEM-SEDEM model. The protective measures resulted in a decrease of sediment transport out of the locality by 111 t/year (40% reduction). The economic balance of the soil loss showed a positive impact of the applied protective measures. On the basis of the mean price of arable land in the Czech Republic and the costs of the soil relocation within the locality, the application of protective measures brought an economy of at least € 5,000 per year. This sum does not include the losses caused by a potential decrease of agricultural crop yields due to the soil degradation, reduction of ecosystem services, and other factors in the past years. The actual benefits of applying the protective measures aimed at reducing erosion and increasing water retention in the landscape are significantly higher.

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Zmiany w formach pokrycia terenu wokół wybranych nowożytnych fortyfikacji Śląska w oparciu o historyczne oraz współczesne materiały kartograficzne

Potyrała J., Iwancewicz I.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2018

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nr 39 (1)

79--98

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiz zmian pokrycia terenu wokół wybranych miast pofortecznych Śląska, na podstawie historycznych oraz współczesnych materiałów kartograficznych z użyciem oprogramowania GIS. Obszar badań obejmuje Nysę i Świdnicę, miasta na terenie których znajdują się nowożytne fortyfikacje oraz Oleśnicę, miasto nieposiadające w którym nigdy takich obwarowań nie było. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły określić wpływ fortyfikacji nowożytnych na rodzaj pokrycia otaczającego je terenu w okresie ponad 250 lat. Badania wykazały, że największe zmiany w formach pokrycia terenu wokół miasta związane były z likwidacją twierdzy i polegały głównie na wzroście powierzchni zabudowy miejskiej, rozwoju przemysłu i infrastruktury komunikacyjnej. Wyraźnie zmalała wówczas powierzchnia zieleni wysokiej i użytków zielonych. Wokół Oleśnicy nie zaobserwowano gwałtownych zmian w żadnym z badanych przedziałów czasowych, poza znacznym wzrostem powierzchni zabudowy miejskiej w pierwszej połowie XX w. We wszystkich badanych miastach na przełomie XX i XXI w. nastąpił duży wzrost powierzchni zabudowy miejskiej, infrastruktury i przemysłu, głównie kosztem powierzchni zieleni wysokiej oraz użytków zielonych.

EN

The aim of this study is the presentation of land cover changes around selected post-fortress cities located in Lower Silesia. The study is based on the historical and contemporary areas with the use of GIS. The area of the study includes the cities of Nysa and Świdnica, which have modern fortifications, and Oleśnica, a city which HAS never had this type of fortification.The study allowed the impact of modern fortifications on the type of land cover of surrounding areas and their changes, during over 250 years, to be determined. The study shows that the biggest changes in land use in all of the cities selected were connected with the liquidation of fortresses, and these were concerned mainly with the increase of urban areas, industrial areas, and transport areas. We can observe a decrease in forestry and grasslands. Around Oleśnica, we did not notice many changes, besides the increase of urban areas in the first half of the twentieth century. All cities at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries saw a large increase in urban development, infrastructure, and industry, mainly at the expense of forestry and grasslands.

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Land use changes in the Mała Wisła Valley in the western part of the Oświęcim Basin from the 18th to modern time

Czaja J., Rahmonov O.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2017

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nr 35

101--115

EN

The aim of this study is to reconstruct land use on the floodplain of the changes in the valley was based on archival materials, such as the plan of the Wisła valley from the mid-18th c., and the Prus-sian and Austrian topographical maps from the 1860s. As the analysis of land use changes in the floodplain of the Mała Wisła valley indicates, in the years 1754-1860 the biggest change referred to the area of forests and shelterbelts, because in a hundred years it decreased three times, i.e. from 3.18 km2 to 1.05 km2. Other big changes include a diminished number and area of fish ponds, as well as smaller surface of the hydrographic network. The layout and area of low density dwellings remained almost unchanged, as a reported increase in the surface area of this form of land use was only by about 0.4%. Significant changes in the surface of ponds and water reservoirs took place in the 1950s, when a dam reservoir was built in Goczałkowice. Its caused an increase the ponds and reservoirs surface to 23.45 km2, which is over 64.7% of the grounds.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest rekonstrukcja zagospodarowania zalewowej strefy doliny Małej Wisły od XVIII w. do czasów współczesnych. Analizę zmian zagospodaraowania doliny przeprowadzono na podstawie materiałów archiwalnych, jak plan doliny Wisły z połowy XVIII w. oraz pruskie i austriackie mapy topograficzne z lat 60. XIX w. Z analizy zmian zagospodarowania zalewowej strefy doliny Małej Wisły, w latach 1754-1860, wynika że: największym zmianom uległa powierzchnia lasów i zadrzewień, bowiem w ciągu 100 lat trzykrotnie się zmniejszyła z 3,18 km2 do 1,05 km2, dużym zmianom uległa również liczba i powierzchnia stawów hodowlanych oraz powierzchniowa sieć hydrograficzna. Znaczące zmiany powierzchni stawów i zbiorników wodnych nastąpiły w latach 50. XX w., kiedy wybudowano w Goczałkowicach. Jego budowa spowodowała wzrost powierzchni stawów i zbiorników wodnych do 23,45 km 2 co stanowi ponad 64,7 % użytków w obrębie analizowanej doliny.

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Przegląd metod kartograficznej prezentacji działań wojennych

Augustyniak J., Kuźma M., Pędzich P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2015

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T. 47, nr 3-4

245--256

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest przedstawianiu działań bojowych na mapach. Omówiono problemy doboru metod prezentacji kartograficznej i możliwości wynikające z zastosowania technologii GIS-owych, usług sieciowych, rozszerzonej rzeczywistości do przedstawiania dynamiki działań wojennych oraz pokazano różnorodne przykłady prezentacji tych działań.

EN

Maps, depicting the warfare, are elaborated according to the rules developed over the years. Although, they are not free of errors. The authors draw our attention to the diversity of methods related to the cartographic presentations, which are shown on the historical maps. This is quite understandable, because every such a map introduces an individual point of view on the historical facts. It is noted, that the most commonly used methods are the qualitative ones, among which, for instance, first of all, the method of signature is frequently used. In the case of historical maps displaying an event in the specific sequence of times, a loss of cartographic information always occur. This is connected both with the complexity of historical facts and with the difficulty in reading a map, which should present the dynamics of this phenomenon in a complete way. The dynamic variables, such as the time of exposure, duration, frequency, order, degree of change and synchronisation, should be taken into account on the maps of warfare. The use of information technology makes it possible to develop not only the simple maps presenting the course of warfare in the statistic and schematic ways, but also the maps, which are rich in various types of multimedia information. Multimedia cartographic presentations can be enriched with the photos and panoramas showing the direct effects of warfare and the pseudo three-dimensional visualization showing the battle from a selected direction. The proprietary software let to combine the sequence of photos into a presentation, allowing to take a virtual tour of the areas directly affected by the hostilities. Network services, such as WMS, WFS, WCS, provide the integrated data from the different sources for us. So, we can connect the archival maps with the contemporary satellite images, defining, thus, the location of a specific place in the terrain. The authors do not cover the issue of complexity connected with the elaboration of maps presenting the combat operations. The most important problems, which have not been discussed in this article, are the following ones: lack of base maps from the period to which the presented issues related, deliberate distortion of map contents, historical and cartographic imprecisions presented on the maps, appropriate selection of the methods of cartographic presentation related to the phenomena, which are presented on the maps.

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Review of the methods of cartographic presentation of warfare

Augustyniak J., Kuźma M., Pędzich P.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

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Vol. 47, No. 3

147--158

EN

Maps, depicting the warfare, are elaborated according to the rules developed over the years. Although, they are not free of errors. The authors draw our attention to the diversity of methods related to the cartographic presentations, which are shown on the historical maps. This is quite understandable, because every such a map introduces an individual point of view on the historical facts. It is noted, that the most commonly used methods are the qualitative ones, among which, for instance, first of all, the method of signature is frequently used. In the case of historical maps displaying an event in the specific sequence of times, a loss of cartographic information always occur. This is connected both with the complexity of historical facts and with the difficulty in reading a map, which should present the dynamics of this phenomenon in a complete way. The dynamic variables, such as the time of exposure, duration, frequency, order, degree of change and synchronisation, should be taken into account on the maps of warfare. The use of information technology makes it possible to develop not only the simple maps presenting the course of warfare in the statistic and schematic ways, but also the maps, which are rich in various types of multimedia information. Multimedia cartographic presentations can be enriched with the photos and panoramas showing the direct effects of warfare and the pseudo three-dimensional visualization showing the battle from a selected direction. The proprietary software let to combine the sequence of photos into a presentation, allowing to take a virtual tour of the areas directly affected by the hostilities. Network services, such as WMS, WFS, WCS, provide the integrated data from the different sources for us. So, we can connect the archival maps with the contemporary satellite images, defining, thus, the location of a specific place in the terrain. The authors do not cover the issue of complexity connected with the elaboration of maps presenting the combat operations. The most important problems, which have not been discussed in this article, are the following ones: lack of base maps from the period to which the presented issues related, deliberate distortion of map contents, historical and cartographic imprecisions presented on the maps, appropriate selection of the methods of cartographic presentation related to the phenomena, which are presented on the maps.

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Maps with Geological Content

Planka L.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2014

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R. 15, nr 1

23--29

EN

The article presents a brief history of the national thematic maps with geological topics in the European context. Despite considerable character and Information fullness of these works and their difficult readability, they represent in every historical phase leading cartographic products, which are awarded by appropriate social valuation. New technological trends in geological mapping and cartographic presentation of the results, at present almost exclusively in the digital environment of the Internet, also uses the Czech Geological Survey in creating thematic state map series. Valuable map works with the geological theme, however, are also part of comprehensive national atlases, such as the Atlas Landscape of the Czech Republic.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia krótką historię krajowych map tematycznych zawierających aspekty geologiczne w kontekście europejskim. Mimo znaczącego charakteru i ilości informacji tych prac oraz problemów związanych z ich odczytaniem, stanowią one na każdym etapie historycznym wiodące produkty kartograficzne, które są nagradzane. Nowe trendy technologiczne w kartografii geologicznej i kartograficznej prezentacji wyników, obecnie niemal wyłącznie w środowisku cyfrowym w internecie, również korzystają Czeskich Badań Geologicznych podczas procesu tworzenia map tematycznych. Wartościowe mapy skupiające się na geologii są również częścią atlasów krajowych takich jak choćby Atlas Krajobrazowy Republiki Czeskiej.

7

Geological cartography in Poland in the 19th century

Wołkowicz S., Wołkowicz K.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 3

623--658

EN

The history of modern geological mapping in Poland began with the Carta Geologica totius Poloniae, Moldaviae, Transylvaniae, Hungariae et Valachiae by S. Staszic, often called the “father of Polish geology”. Before Staszic, a general map of Poland had been published by J.-E. Guettard (1764a); ones of the Sudety Mts. by J. Jirasek (1791), L. von Buch (1797), and Raumer (1813); and that of the Tatra Mts. by Hacquet (1796). In times of the partition of Poland (1772 to 1918), areas annexed by Prussia were covered by systematic geological surveys. These cartographic projects resulted in the compilation of two geological atlases comprising maps of the standard sheet type, in the period from 1826 to 1836. These atlases were compiled by teams of outstanding geologists, under the leadership of L. von Buch and F. Hoffmann. Another outstanding contribution to the geology of Poland was made by G.G. Pusch, the author of the excellent Geognostische Beschreibung von Polen (1833–1836), subsequently supplemented by Geognostyscher Atlas von Polen. One of the greatest achievements of L. Zejszner was the geological map of the Tatra Mts., Carte de la chaine du Tatra, published anonymously in Berlin in 1844, and a series of geological maps prepared as drafts of Geognostic maps of the Eastern District of the Polish Kingdom. Special attention should be also paid to two extensive studies which covered areas of Upper and Lower Silesia. The first of these, Geognostische Karte von Oberschlesien und den Angrenzenden Gebieten, was completed by a team led by F. Roemer, and published in 1870. The second, Geologische Karte von dem Niederschlesischen Gebirge und den angrezenden gegenden, was compiled by a team led by R. von Carnall, and published in the same year. Out of all the studies carried out by Austrian geologists, it is necessary to mention those of E. Tietze, as they produced excellent geological maps of the Carpathians and vicinities of Kraków and Lviv. It is also worth mentioning the contributions made by the Physiographic Commission, active from 1866 until the beginning of the First World War. Its members decided to prepare the Geological Atlas of Galicia. The final product of works of this commission was a set of 25 booklets, with over a hundred geological maps at a scale 1:75000, issued in the years 1885–1912. From 1881, the commission was also publishing its famous Physiographic Diaries, which include papers on the geology of areas annexed by Russia, written by famous Polish geologists such as J. Siemiradzki, A. Michalski, and E. Habdank-Dunikowski, illustrated with relevant geological maps prepared by them.

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Zmiany powierzchni leśnej wybranych terenów osadniczych Ziemi Lubuskiej w latach 1822 -2003

Wojterska M., Szrama K.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2012

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nr 16

181--190

PL

Badania nad szatą roślinną różnych typów osadniczych prowadzone są na terenie zachodniej Polski od 2007 r. Wśród 140 analizowanych osad na terenie Ziemi Lubuskiej dominują owalnice (65) oraz ulicówki (25). Szczegółowe studia roślinności na poziomie kompleksów zbiorowisk przeprowadzono w 33 obiektach o najlepiej zachowanej strukturze, z których większość powstała w XIII i XIV wieku. W niniejszym opracowaniu dane te zostały uzupełnione o charakterystykę przemian krajobrazu w otoczeniu 15 z tych wsi, dla których dostępne były historyczne materiały kartograficzne. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zmiany powierzchni leśnej, jako wskaźnika natężenia antropopresji. Wykorzystano w tym celu mapy z lat 1822-1828, 1933-1938 oraz 2003. Dla każdego przedziału czasowego obliczony został udział powierzchniowy lasów. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają tendencję wzrostu powierzchni leśnej w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach, przy jednoczesnej wyraźnej dynamice przemian krajobrazu w całym analizowanym okresie. Podobny udział powierzchniowy lasów na mapach z lat 1822-28 i współczesnych nie oznacza trwałości kompleksów leśnych. W całym okresie objętym badaniami obserwowane jest powstawanie i zanikanie powierzchni leśnych.

EN

Vegetation studies in different types of settlements are conducted in western Poland since 2007. Out of 140 analysed settlements in the Ziemia Lubuska region, the most common were villages of oval (65) and linear (25) shape. For detailed vegetation studies conducted within spatial complexes, 33 settlements with best preserved structure have been chosen. Their origin has been traced back to the XIII or XIV century. In this study those data have been completed with the description of landscape transformation around 15 villages, for which the historical cartographic sources were available. The share of forests, as indicator of intensity of human impact has been estimated on the maps from the years 1822-1828, 1933-1938 and 2003. The obtained results confirm the tendency of the increment of forest area in last decades. There is however distinct dynamics in the landscape transformation. Similar share of forests on maps from 1822-28 and on contemporary ones does not indicate their persistence, there are observed both decline and emerging of new forest areas.

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Rola GIS w ocenie historycznych opracowań kartograficznych na przykładzie Wyżyny Częstochowskiej

Nita J., Myga-Piątek U.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2012

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nr 16

116--135

PL

W ostatnich latach oberwany jest wzrost zainteresowania problematyką badawczą z pogranicza geografii i historii, tzw. geohistoria. Przedmiotem analiz są m.in. zmiany użytkowania terenu, dynamika procesów przyrodniczych czy krajobrazowe następstwa hydro-meteorologicznych zjawisk ekstremalnych w czasach historycznych. Analiza map dawnych służy pozyskaniu informacji o rozwoju regionu, (infrastrukturalnym, urbanistycznym, osadniczym itd.). GIS historyczny (hGIS) wykorzystuje mapę jako podstawę informacji, natomiast jako narzędzie jej przetwarzania – specjalistyczne oprogramowanie komputerowe. Nie wszystkie mapy historyczne są jednakowo przydatne. Dlatego celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza wiarygodności wybranych opracowań kartograficznych dotyczących ziem polskich. Przeprowadzono analizę 14 map Wyżyny Częstochowskiej i jej obrzeży z lat 1685-1984. Oceniano m.in.: dokładność treści map, zgodność czasu opracowania, poprawność historyczną treści mapy, ocenę wartości i wiarygodności.

EN

Recent years have seen increased interest in research areas overlapping geography and history, so-called geohistory. The subject matter for research includes changes in land use, dynamics of natural processes, or consequences of hydro-meteorological phenomena in the history on landscape. Analyses of historical maps make it possible to collect information regarding development of a region in terms of infrastructure, urban growth, settlement, etc. Historical GIS (hGIS) uses maps for basic information and specialist software as a tool for processing this information. Not all historical maps are equally useful, and that is why this paper aims to analyze reliability of selected cartographic materials regarding Polish territories. The analyses concerned 14 maps of the Częstochowa Upland and its peripheries from years 1685-1984. The factors that were assessed included accuracy of the map contents, correct creation date of the map, historical precision of the map contents, and assessment of its importance and reliability.