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1

The use of web-GIS and crowdsourcing in the acquisition of historical data on the example of Polegli1939 project

Zawadzki Mateusz, Stadnicka Maria, Lupa Michał, Adamek Katarzyna

Polish Cartographical Review

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2023

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Vol. 55, No. 1

56--72

EN

The historical Polegli1939 geoportal is probably the first thematic portal using spatial-temporal databases to present information on people killed during the World War II. In this study, we address the problem of capturing, processing and sharing historical information by supplementing it with a spatial attributes. The aim of the study is to determine the role of crowdsourcing data and the use of web-GIS applications in the process of obtaining and verifying historical information. The study was carried out as part of the implementation of the “Spatial database of soldiers killed in warfare” project, which is also known as Polegli1939. In order to achieve this goal, we acquired information using three methods: manual, automated and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). Making spatial data available through the Polegli1939 geoportal enables users to popularize and verify it. The method includes a geospatial web platform (GeoWeb) as well as a VGI application with an integrated process for verifying submitted information. As a result of the project, nearly 35,000 records were obtained. Making the project available to a wider audience opens up the possibility of extending the presented research or replicating it in other countries, taking into account a wider chronological range than just World War II.

2

Role of Geographic Information Systems in analysing the selection of cichociemni drop zones based on a case study of the "Mewa 1" drop zone

Polończyk Agnieszka, Lupa Michał, Leśniak Andrzej

Polish Cartographical Review

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2023

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Vol. 55, No. 1

87--110

EN

The article discusses the possible use of GIS tools in detailed spatial analysis of materials and old maps showing the activities of Polish soldiers during World War II. The research was based on information regarding the military operations of the “Silent and Unseen” paratroopers (in Polish: cichociemni) in the General Government (GG), available in the archives of the Polish Underground Movement Study Trust (in Polish: Studium Polski Podziemnej) in London, as well as on prewar maps of the Polish Military Geographical Institute (in Polish: Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny – WIG). The authors present the historical background to, and important details of the cichociemni airdrops. They also describe how these operations were organised and suitable airdrop sites selected. The main part of the article is devoted to an analysis and assessment of the extent to which selected drop sites of the cichociemni complied with the criteria contained in the instructions of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief in London (in Polish: Sztab Naczelnego Wodza w Londynie). The article presents a case study of the “Mewa 1” drop zone located in the GG. The authors used calibrated WIG maps, which they then converted into vector versions. They also made use of modern DTM and a slope map created on its basis. All the criteria for selecting drop zones included in the historical instructions were analysed. Based on the example of the drop zone in question, as well as on the authors’ own spatial analyses, it was concluded that this particular drop zone met some of the criteria formulated in the guidelines of the Commander-in-Chief’s Staff, but only partially met others or failed to meet them at all. In addition, the authors noted a number of limitations regarding these criteria. For example, they did not take into account the locations of the occupiers’ garrisons or anti-aircraft positions, which are particularly important for the success of airdrop operations. The analyses and the results thereof constitute the first study of the armed operations of the cichociemni in GG areas using digital maps and spatial analyses based on GIS.

3

GIS tools for analysis of city morphology and metrology using the square grid method

Nalej Marta, Musiaka Łukasz

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2022

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T. 20, z. 1(96)

17--23

EN

The main aim of the study was to present the possibility of using GIS (Geographic Information System) tools for measurement analysis of urban spatial layouts, using the square grid method, on the example of three medieval towns from the area of the former Teutonic Order (currently the territory of Poland) (Musiaka, Nalej, 2021). Determination of measurement modules of town layout, especially for a larger group of towns, was a very time-consuming task. New methods of spatial analysis using GIS tools have helped in the implementation of this type of research. Using the Python programming language, authors developed the HGIS Tools toolkit consisting of two tools: HGIS Fishnet and HGIS Fishnet Rhombus. First tool is based on the CreateFishnet_management (...) function of the ArcPy package and allows to precisely adjust the grid to the research area determined on the basis of the city plan. The second tool uses the UpdateCursor (...) function and allows to create a rhomboid grid. The obtained results confirmed that HGIS Tools allowed to determine the hypothetical measurement module of the studied towns layouts. The results were consistent with analysis conducted with the traditional square grid method and showed significant potential of HGIS Tools in conducting morphometric analysis of urban spatial systems on a larger scale.

PL

Głównym celem badania było sprawdzenie możliwości wykorzystania narzędzi GIS (Geographic Information System) do analizy miejskich układów przestrzennych metodą siatki kwadratów, na przykładzie trzech średniowiecznych miast zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach (obecnie w Polsce) (Musiaka, Nalej, 2021). Określenie wielkość modułów miejskich układów osadniczych, szczególnie dla większej grupy miast było zadaniem bardzo czasochłonnym. Z pomocą w realizacji tych badań przyszły nowe metody analizy przestrzennej, wykorzystujące narzędzia GIS. Korzystając z języka programowania Python, autorzy opracowali zestaw narzędzi HGIS Tools składający się z dwóch narzędzi: HGIS Fishnet i HGIS Fishnet Rhombus. Pierwsze z narzędzi bazuje na funkcji CreateFishnet_management (...) pakietu ArcPy i umożliwia precyzyjne dopasowani siatki do wyznaczonego na podstawie planu miasta obszaru badań. Drugie z narzędzi, wykorzystuje głównie funkcję UpdateCursor (...) i umożliwia tworzenie siatki o oczkach w kształcie rombów. Otrzymane wyniki potwierdził, że narzędzia HGIS Tools pozwoliły określić hipotetyczny moduł pomiarowy układu badanych miast. Wyniki były zgodne z analizami innych autorów przeprowadzonych tradycyjną metodą siatki kwadratów i wykazały znaczny potencjał narzędzi HGIS w prowadzeniu analiz morfometrycznych miejskich układów przestrzennych na większą skalę.

4

The Orthophotomap of Lublin 1944: from Luftwaffe photographs to map application - idea, methods, contemporary challenges of processing and publishing archival aerial photographs

Kuna Jakub

Polish Cartographical Review

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2022

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Vol. 54, No. 1

123--142

EN

The origins of aerial photography can be traced back to the second half of the 19th century, and periods of World Wars contributed to the development of techniques for developing and disseminating aerial photographs for military purposes. In the literature, we find descriptions of the Polish Military Geographical Institute’s (WIG) use of aerial photography to update topographic maps of nearly 40% of the country’s area at the time. Unfortunately, the fate of the pre-war collection of photographs is difficult to establish. Given this, the aerial photographs from the period of the Second World War (German and Allied) constitute the oldest possible complete and consistent photographic documentation of Poland. The series of German prints (373-GXPRINTS) collected at the National Archives and Records Administration in College Park (NARA, USA) are maintained according to the most liberal policy on access and further use. At the same time, the organisation of the NARA archive and the extent to which the collection has been digitised (over one million images) leave a deficiency, and searching for images requires knowledge, methods and experience. In 2020–2021, the Department of Geomatics and Cartography of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University implemented the project Development of the Ortophotomap of Lublin 1939–1945 (NCN, Miniatura 4.0. No. 2020/04/X/HS4/00382). The result of the project is a dedicated web portal https://ortolub.umcs.pl, consisting of a digital repository of aerial images, a map application and standardised GIS raster data services. The author believes this is a unique source base, with unprecedented detail. The publication of the project results under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA 4.0 licence is intended to foster the widest possible use of wartime aerial images in scientific research and popularisation activities. The process of developing a historical orthophotomap, as presented in the article, is universal and can be repeated on any set of aerial photographs. At the same time, development work is needed to automate the operations as fully as possible. In conclusion, current challenges and prospects for the development of historical orthophotomaps of national coverage are indicated.

5

Geoportal historyczny Galicji i Śląska Austriackiego dla lat 1857-1910

Ostafin Krzysztof, Kaim Dominik

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2021

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T. 19, z. 1(92)

7--16

PL

Przetwarzanie historyczne dane cyfrowe, choć coraz bardziej dostępnych, może być barierą w prowadzeniu badań z zakresu wielu dyscyplin i zagadnień naukowych, w tym demografii, rozwoju regionalnego czy też relacji człowiek – środowisko. Dlatego koniecznym jest by nie tylko digitalizować zbiory archiwalne czy biblioteczne, lecz także, by przetwarzać je do postaci cyfrowych danych przestrzennych, możliwych do wykorzystania w środowisku GIS. Przykładem takich działań jest geoportal historyczny Galicji i Śląska Austriackiego z lat 1857-1910, który skupia zarówno przetworzone dane przestrzenne, jak i historyczne dane statystyczne, które połączono z odtworzonymi podziałami administracyjnymi na kilku poziomach. Geoportal umożliwia zarówno przeglądanie, jak i pobieranie cyfrowych danych przestrzennych w formie wektorowej, takich jak: podziały administracyjne, sieć drogowa, sieć kolejowa, rozmieszczenie budynków. W przypadku danych statystycznych, geoportal oferuje dostęp do danych z austriackich spisów powszechnych, organizowanych w przybliżeniu co dziesięć lat. Dane te dostępne są w formacie Excel i można je połączyć z udostępnianymi warstwami historycznych podziałów administracyjnych.

EN

Processing of historical digital data, although more and more accessible, can be a barrier to researching and scientific problem solving, including demography, regional development, or human-environment relations. Therefore, it is necessary not only to digitalize the collections gathered in archives or libraries but also to process them into digital spatial data, which can be used in GIS. An example of such activities is a historical geoportal of Galicia and Austrian Silesia 1857-1910, which brings together processed spatial data and historical statistical data, which are combined with reconstructed administrative divisions on several levels. The geoportal allows viewing and downloading of digital spatial data in vector form, such as administrative divisions, road network, railroad network, location of buildings. For statistical data, the geoportal offers an access to data from Austrian censuses, organized approximately every ten years. These data are available in Excel format and can be combined with the provided layers of historical administrative divisions.

6

Methodology of reconstruction of the Old-Polish road network as exemplified by the historic Lublin Voivodship

Zawadzki Mateusz

Polish Cartographical Review

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2019

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Vol. 51, No. 3

129--141

EN

The aim of the author is to present the methodology of reconstruction of the Old-Polish transport network as exemplified by the historic Lublin Voivodship. The author discusses the research method and procedure of reconstructing the road routes and locations of transport facilities on the basis of text sources and old maps of varied content and geometric accuracy. The adopted methodology uses GIS tools to analyse and verify data from both cartographic and descriptive sources. The analysis is based on the retrogressive approach, as most of the cartographically reliable sources come from the early 19th century. The presented research procedure consists of three stages: preparation and processing of source material, registration of source information, and finally, its harmonization. The research procedure consists of two main steps: 1) identification (initial identification of the object and verification of its existence); 2) geometrisation (determination of geometrical parameters of the object, followed by their verification, and confirmation of the object’s course or location in the spatial database).

7

Between retrogression and progression - a proposal for a new method to recreate the historical building layout of settlement units

Kuna Jakub

Polish Cartographical Review

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2019

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Vol. 51, No. 4

215--229

EN

The use of cartographic sources and methods are the basic tools of historical geography. One of the main research trends in this field is the analysis of the spatial layout and number of old settlement units. The confrontation of maps with historical data allows the drawing of a town’s area at a certain time to be studied. The retrogression (R) and progression (P) methods that are currently used are imperfect and the model created (map) is usually incomplete and its reliability is limited. In the author’s opinion, the joining of retrogression and progression (a new method; combined – K)1 increases the quality of cartographic reconstruction of natural and cultural landscapes. The use of basic mathematical methods from the scope of set operations means the component reliability of the researched cartographic model can be varied because the common part of the retrogression and progression cartographic model represents mutual verification of source data. Quantitative effectiveness assessments of retrogression (R), progression (P) and the combined method (K) can be made for countable elements (e.g. buildings). As part of the conducted study, the effectiveness of separate methods was calculated: R = 76% for retrogression, P = 59% for progression and K = R ∪ P = 85% for the combined method. The mutual verification of the methods (R ∩ P) included 45% of residential buildings. The author describes the proposition of a new method and the course of verification research.

8

Historical land use conversion in Kraków’s metropolitan zone

Prus Barbara, Nowak Arkadiusz

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2019

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no. 4

93--107

EN

Land use conversion is a dynamic process that occurs all over the world. The scale of this process is global, and depends on related driving forces. There are numerous case studies of land use changes but only a few synthesise the results. The aim of the study is to analyse historical land use conversions in two villages located in peri-urban areas of the city of Kraków, and in particular, to indicate the directions of these changes associated with the distance of the given village to Kraków. The examples of two villages were selected so as to indicate the direction of changes in the immediate vicinity of the city as well as in a zone further outside the city. The aim is also to present a possible approach to monitoring the long-term development of these areas. As regards Poland, the expansion of urban pattern of land development outside the administrative boundaries of cities results in direct interference in agricultural production space, and not infrequently in areas having particular natural and cultural values. This is also the case within the zone of the direct impact of the city of Kraków on areas located to the south of the urban agglomeration. The article confirms that the changes involve the conversion of agricultural areas into built-up and urbanised areas. Nevertheless, the study results indicate an unexpected increase in the area of wasteland in close vicinity of the city, despite soil conditions being favourable to pursuing agricultural activities. It is a long-term study, which considers precise maps showing land use structure. It is the first step towards designing multi-scale studies that would consider land use changes in the neighbourhood of metropolitan areas.

9

Sources and methods of reconstruction of postal roads in the second half of the 18th century on the example of the former Lublin Voivodeship

Zawadzki M.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2018

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Vol. 50, No. 4

233--242

EN

The subject of the article is reconstructing the routes of postal roads within the borders of the Lublin Voivodeship in the second half of the 18th century. The author has attempted to reconstruct the routes of postal roads, using the retrogression method and a cartographic research method with the use of GIS tools. For this purpose, manuscript cartographic and descriptive sources from the late 18th and 19th centuries were used. Cartographic material from the end of the 18th century in connection with descriptive sources constituted the basis for determining the existence of a postal connection. However, maps from the beginning of the 19th century constituted the basis for the reconstruction of the routes of postal roads. The obtained results allowed for the determination of the role of the Lublin Voivodeship in the old Polish communication system. The research has made us aware of the need for further in-depth work on communication in the pre-partition era (before 1795).

10

‘Partially compiled’ maps 1:25,000 by Polish Military Geographical Institute (1919–1939)

Kuna J.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2018

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Vol. 50, No. 1

31--46

EN

During the interwar period, an estimated 32–36% of Polish territory was covered by the Polish Military Geographical Institute’s (Pol. Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny) 1:25,000 detailed map. At the same time, the MGI achieved a full coverage of the country by 1:100,000 tactical map. 50% of tactical map sheets were revised for the 1930s – many covered areas for which no detailed maps had been printed. Considering the fact that 1:100,000 tactical map was updated on the basis of revised 1:25,000 maps, another 17–21% of 1:25,000 detailed map sheets were finished or in progress by the German and Soviet invasion in 1939. The study confirmed additional 4% of 1:25,000 detailed map sheets as ‘partially compiled’ by the MGI and finished by the Germans. Another 17% of detailed map sheets are potentially to be found. Hypotheses, clues and evidence are presented in the paper.

11

Interaktywna mapa obozu koncentracyjnego KL Płaszów w aplikacji ArcGIS Story Map

Kuryłowicz A., Koziak M., Kozioł K.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2017

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T. 15, z. 3(78)

319--333

PL

KL Płaszów, czyli hitlerowski obóz koncentracyjny, działający w okresie drugiej wojny światowej, położony na terenie miasta Krakowa, pomiędzy ulicami Swoszowicką i Wielicką, został już dawno zapomniany przez dzisiejsze społeczeństwo. Obecni mieszkańcy tego terenu nie mają pojęcia, jak okrutne zbrodnie miały miejsce na tym obszarze przed niemal osiemdziesięcioma laty. Niepamięć o miejscu zagłady tysięcy ludzi była głównym celem podjęcia się stworzenia projektu, który choćby w części pomógł w przypomnieniu i upamiętnieniu wszystkich cierpiących tam osób. Przede wszystkim ważne było, aby przedstawić usytuowanie byłego obozu, gdyż został on doszczętnie zniszczony przez uciekających niemieckich okupantów. W związku z tym pierwszym etapem pracy była kalibracja starych map topograficznych, planu obozu, zdjęcia lotniczego do obecnego układu odniesienia oraz wektoryzacja poszczególnych elementów obozu. Drugim etapem, który oprócz pokazania położenia obozu, ma na celu opowiedzenie historii tego miejsca, było stworzenie Story Map – aplikacji, która pozwala na połączenie reprezentacji obiektu na mapie z informacjami, dotyczącymi tego elementu. Projekt ten jest przeznaczony dla każdego użytkownika, który chciałby wybrać się na wirtualną wędrówkę historyczną po obozie w Płaszowie.

EN

KL Płaszów, the Nazi concentration camp, existing during the Second World War, located in Kraków, between Swoszowicka and Wielicka Street, was forgotten a long time ago by the today’s society. The current residents have no idea how cruel crimes took place in the area before almost eighty years. Forgetting the place of extermination of thousands people was the main target to start the project, which will help to remember and commemorate all of the people suffering there. Above all, it was important to present a location of the camp, because it was destroyed by escaping German invaders. Therefore, the first step was calibration of the old topographic maps, the camp map and an aerial photograph to the current reference system and vectorization of individual camp elements. The second step, which besides presentation of the camp location, was to tell a story of this place. Consequently we created a Story Map – an application that allows to connect an object representation with information concerning the given element. The project is suitable for every user who would like to attend a virtual, historical walk about the camp.

12

Analysis of the Polish home army drop zones during World War II, using geographic information systems

Leśniak A., Lupa M., Polończyk A.

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2017

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no. 3

89--105

EN

The aim of the research presented in this paper was to determine the precise location of drop zones that were used for parachute jumps of the ‘Silent and Unseen’ paratroops (Polish: Cichociemni) and for delivering military equipment during World War II. The studies were based on historical research containing information about the locations of the jumps and their schematic arrangement, Ordnance Survey Maps of the pre-war period, and a GIS system with contemporary geographic digital maps. Within the work, the available information about the drop zone locations of the period from February 1941 to December 1944 is summarized. Moreover, the calibration of available schematic maps is presented, based on contemporary digital data. The final part of the study contains an estimation of drop zone location errors compared against military tactical maps.

PL

Celem badań przedstawionych w artykule było określenie precyzyjnej lokalizacji placówek, na które dokonywano zrzutów cichociemnych i sprzętu w okresie II wojny światowej. W badaniach posłużono się opracowaniami historycznymi, zawierającymi informacje o lokalizacjach miejsc zrzutów wraz z ich schematycznym rozmieszczeniem, mapami sztabowymi z okresu przedwojennego oraz systemem klasy GIS, wraz ze współczesną geograficzną mapą cyfrową. W ramach prac, zestawiono dostępne informacje o lokalizacjach placówek z okresu II 1941 – XII 1944, dokonano kalibracji dostępnych w literaturze map schematycznych w oparciu o współczesną mapę cyfrową, a także oszacowano błędy lokalizacji zrzutów w oparciu o skalibrowane mapy taktyczne Polski.

13

Zastosowanie materiałów kartograficznych i teledetekcyjnych w analizach zmian krajobrazu kulturowego ogrodów Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie

Bogucka E. P., Osińska-Skotak K.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

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2016

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T. 54

33--49

EN

Historical maps, photoplans as well as modern satellite images and ortophotomaps are effective sources of geographical information for heritage landscape research. The presented study aims at characterizing landscape changes and focuses on the example of the Royal Castle gardens in Warsaw, Poland. Fundamental elements of the garden structure were examined from the period between 1700-2015 using historical maps, photoplans, and ortophotomaps. The methodology included multitemporal data harmonization, which was performed on the basis of visual interpretation keys for photoplans and cartographic symbols. The datasets were subsequently stored, analyzed and visualized using a historical GIS. A major transformation resulting from the regulation of the Vistula river banks was identified as the creation of the Lower Garden at the end of 18th century, which covers three quarters of the total study area in 1829. After World War II, restoration of the garden commenced. The derived geohistorical knowledge can be applied in future landscape planning in order to implement better informed reconstruction strategies.

14

Stan prac nad rozwojem bazy danych architektonicznego dziedzictwa przemysłowego Wrocławia

Bac-Bronowicz J., Wojciechowska G.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2016

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T. 14, z. 5(75)

537--548

PL

W artykule przedstawiono projekt cyfrowej dokumentacji stanu dziedzictwa industrialnego Wrocławia. Efektem podjętych działań będzie stworzenie bazy danych do przechowywania i udostępniania danych służących popularyzacji wiedzy na temat obiektów przemysłowych z wykorzystaniem systemu informacji geograficznej. Opisano stan aktualny baz danych o zabytkach w Polsce oraz najistotniejsze elementy projektu. Najważniejszym założeniem jest umożliwienie gromadzenia szczegółowych danych przestrzennych i historycznych na temat obiektów przemysłowych w kontekście przemian czasowych (przebudowy, rozbudowy, rozbiórki). W pierwszej kolejności zostanie wykonany model stanu aktualnego z możliwością dołączenia materiałów archiwalnych oraz dokumentacji fotograficznej. Bazy i mapy zasobów dziedzictwa przemysłowego stworzone w projekcie będą dotyczyły trzech okresów historycznych: przed 1945 r., lat 1945-1989, lat 1990 r. do stanu aktualnego.

EN

The paper presents the project of geospatial digital documentation of industrial heritage in Wrocław. A database for storing and sharing data presenting the knowledge about industrial buildings with the use of geographical information system will be the result works undertaken within the project. The current state of the monuments databases in Poland and the most important elements of the project were described in the paper. The most important proposition is to gather detailed spatial and historical data about industrial heritage in the context of spatiotemporal changes (reconstruction, extension, demolition). First, the model of the actual state will be developed with the possibility of attaching archival materials and photographic documentation. Databases and maps of the industrial heritage created in the project will refer to three historical periods: before 1945, 1945-1989, 1990 to the current state.

15

Antropogeniczne zmiany krajobrazu związane z dawnym górnictwem węgla brunatnego na przykładzie polskiej części obszaru łuku Mużakowa

Koźma J.

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2016

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R. 57, nr 3

5--13

PL

W artykule omówiono zmiany pierwotnego krajobrazu geologicznego obszaru polskiej części Łuku Mużakowa wywołane dawnym odkrywkowym i podziemnym górnictwem węgla brunatnego, iłów ceramicznych oraz piasków i żwirów. Dla potrzeb identyfikacji form antropogenicznych wykorzystano metody wizualizacji numerycznego lidarowego modelu rzeźby terenu, w zestawieniu z historycznymi mapami topograficznymi i planami górniczymi. Wyniki ilościowej analizy form antropogenicznych z zastosowaniem metod analizy GIS, dostarczyły informacji na temat wykształcenia współczesnego krajobrazu pogórniczego.

EN

Changes of the primeval geological landscape due to former lignite, ceramic clays as well as sand and gravel open-cast and underground mining, in the Polish part of Muskau Arch have been discussed in this paper. For the purposes of identification the anthropogenic forms visualisation methods of high-resolution lidar terrain model have been used, in accordance with historical topographical maps and mining plans. The results of the quantitative GIS analysis of the anthropogenic forms made in the selected area, provided information on the contemporary post-mining landscape.

16

Problemy kalibracji mapy szczegółowej Polski w skali 1:25 000 Wojskowego Instytutu Geograficznego w Warszawie

Panecki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

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T. 46, nr 2

162--172

PL

W artykule omówiono sposoby kalibracji mapy szczegółowej Polski WIG. Z uwagi na dużą liczbę arkuszy do przetworzenia (prawie 1400), głównym założeniem było maksymalne zautomatyzowanie procedury. Za pomocą wygenerowanego indeksu przestrzennego o oczkach siatki odpowiadających podziałowi arkuszowemu mapy i w odpowiednim układzie odniesienia, ręcznie uzyskano informacje o współrzędnych geograficznych z narożników arkuszy, po czym zastosowano skrypt, za pomocą którego dopasowano arkusze do indeksu przestrzennego. Problemem okazał się niejednolity układ odniesienia mapy szczegółowej 1:25 000. Po nieudanej próbie kalibracji w układ „Borowa Góra", podzielono arkusze według obszarów byłych zaborów i zastosowano układy odniesienia charakterystyczne dla każdego z nich - „Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz" (DHDN) dla pruskiego, „Hermannskogel" dla austriackiego elipsoidę Żylińskiego dla rosyjskiego. Z uwagi na wciąż niezadowalające efekty, wydzielono dodatkowe obszary, na których zastosowano układ DHDN i „Borowa Góra", minimalizując dotychczasowe błędy kalibracji.

EN

The article aims to present a method of semi-automatic calibration of a detailed map of Poland in 1:25,000 published in 1920s and 1930s by the Military Geographical Institute in Warsaw. The necessity of semi-automatic calibration results from the large numberof sheets (approx. 1400) which madę manuał processing impractical. Although geo-reference was determined for all available sheets (1339), only seven of them are ana-lyzed in the research paper: two from the former Austrian section of partitioned Poland (P51 S32 D „Muszyna", P50 S41 F „Zbaraż-Południe"), two from the former German section (sheet P38 S26 C „Krusz¬wica", P30 S27 F „Hel") and three from the former Russian section (P38 S27 A „Bachorce", P30 S40 H „Skorbuciany", P39 S32 H „Warszawa-Praga"). High level of detail of the map in 1:25,000 resulting from precise field measurements was assumed during the process of calibration. Thus, four control points in map corners together with their geographic coordination and pixel coordinates (x,y) should be sufficient for correct calibration. Scale, shift and rotate raster transformations were used. Automation of calibration involved generating a spa-tial index in the form of a vector grid (polygon-type object) with a single field relating to the sheet division of the map in 1:25,000, i.e. 5'»10'. After adding sheet designation to the grid, a connection between the index (vector grid with sheet designation) and map seans was established. After that geographic coordinates from sheet corners were "manually" read and entered into the database. With the spatial index including automatically obtained geographic coordinates, "manually" read geographic coordinates from sheet corners and the relation between the grid fields and the corresponding *.jpg file, it was possible to execute calibration. The script applied in the process automatically matched scanned sheets to corresponding grid fields, i.e. determined their reference system, pro¬jection and geographic coordinates. After acquiring geo-referential data, each file was transformed into a WGS-84 elipsoid. Map calibration to the "Borowa Góra" system did not bring good results, only the quality of the "Skorbuciany" sheet was sufficient (fig. 1). The contents of the remaining sheets was considerably shifted (by 200-300 m). In order to increase the calibration's precision, map sheets were divided according to the areas of former anexions of Poland and their respective reference systems were employed - "Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz" (DHDN) for the former German section, "Hermannskogel" for the Austrian section and Żylinski's ellipsoid for the Russian section. The "Hel" and the "Kruszwica" sheets from the area of the former German section were properly calibrated to the DHDN system (fig. 2), but the contents of the remaining sheets was significantly shifted (figs. 3 and 4). Considering the fact that the effects of calibration were still insufficient, additional areas were distinguished, on which the "DHDN" and the "Borowa Góra" systems were applied thus minimizing previous mistakes. About 70 % of the sheets of the map in 1:25,000 were properly calibrated.

17

Kalibracja dawnych map zasięgu lodów morskich w Arktyce z zastosowaniem systemów informacji geograficznej

Lange K.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 4

344--351

PL

Podstawowym materiałem badawczym do analizy zmian w czasie zasięgu lodów morskich w Arktyce są mapy archiwalne. Poprawne przeprowadzenie takich analiz umożliwiają Systemy Informacji Geograficznej (GIS). Celem pracy jest omówienie problemów kalibracji dawnych map lodowych Arktyki z I połowy XX wieku, pochodzących z Duńskiego Instytutu Meteorologicznego. Świadomość błędów, które powstają już w momencie określania pozycji statku czy szacowania odległości do obszarów pokrytych lodem rzuca światło na ogólną dokładność danych, jaka jest niezbędna przy wyborze metod rejestracji.

EN

Archival maps of the region form the base material for the research of changes of the Arctic ice range in time. Correct and accurate analyses are possible thanks to using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study is about problems with georeferencing old maps of Arctic ice from the first half of the twentieth century, acquired from the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI). Awareness of errors in determining the ship’s position or estimating the distance to ice-covered areas sheds light on the overall accuracy of the data, which is essential for the selection of a method of registration – in this case ArcGIS, version 10.0 using the georeferencing toolbar. The reason for using the affine method and problems with map registration have been discussed. The methods of registration taken into account for the purpose of this work have been divided, according to the type of layer to which the scan was knotted, into the following: – Method of point coordinates, – AOI method (linking the area of interest to the corners), – A method of linking the known content of the map (using linear or polygon shapefile). The most precise fit of the coastline has been achieved by using the method of linking the known contents of the map. The use of advanced calibration methods is not always necessary or possible due to the accuracy of the contents of the map. The information which helps recreate the process of creation of old maps and the degree of knowledge of various geographical regions at the time is of special significance. The tools used in the first half of the twentieth century made it possible to determine vessel positions with an accuracy of approximately 15 nautical miles. For calibrating the maps from DMI, the most reliable points to connect will be headlands and any kind of sharp edges of the land, giving the opportunity for clear multiple links in the process of georeferencing (calibration). Using methods based on linking multiple points is not valid if the amount of reliable link points is too small. In the early twentieth century, the only well known areas were the south coast of Greenland, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, the coast of Norway and Russia. When analyzing old maps of sea ice, we have consider numerous errors resulting from such imperfections as averaging errors, timing errors, location errors, time varying errors of measuring devices used in the first half of the 20th century, and others.

18

Kalibracja map historycznych z zastosowaniem GIS

Affek A.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2012

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nr 16

48--62

PL

Mapy archiwalne są nieocenionym źródłem informacji o stanie środowiska geograficznego. Stanowią podstawowy materiał badawczy do analizy zmian charakterystyk przestrzennych środowiska. Warunkiem koniecznym rzetelnego przeprowadzenia analiz jest dokładne dopasowanie map archiwalnych do współczesnych materiałów kartograficznych oraz oszacowanie błędu tego dopasowania. Możliwości takie obecnie dają aplikacje komputerowe będące składowymi Systemów Informacji Geograficznej (GIS). Celem pracy jest prezentacja i omówienie metod kalibracji archiwalnych map papierowych z zastosowaniem GIS, mających na celu precyzyjne porównanie ich z aktualnymi warstwami referencyjnymi. Wyróżniono dwa warianty postępowania stosowane odpowiednio do map stworzonych w oparciu o osnowę geodezyjną i bez niej. Metody przetwarzania map archiwalnych omówione są na przykładzie dwóch serii map wojskowych zdjęć topograficznych Galicji opracowanych przez austriacki MGI (Militargeographisches Institut), ukończonych odpowiednio w roku 1783 i 1863.

EN

Archival maps are an invaluable source of information about the state of geographical environment. They are the primary research material for the analysis of changes in spatial characteristics of the environment. A prerequisite to carry out a reliable analysis is an exact match between archival maps and contemporary cartographic materials and to estimate the error of that match. The most effective way to do it nowadays is to use GIS software. The aim of the work is to present and discuss georeferencing methods of archival paper maps using GIS, in suc a way as to allow precise comparison with contemporary reference layers. Two alternative georeferencing methods for the maps based and not based on a geodetic network are described. Georeferencing of archival maps is discussed on the example of two Austrian military map series of Galicia conducted by the MGI (Militargeographisches Institut) and completed in 1783 and 1863 respectively.

19

Zastosowanie austriackich map katastralnych w badaniach użytkowania ziemi w połowie XIX wieku

Sobala M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2012

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T. 44, nr 4

324-333

PL

Autor przedstawia sposób przygotowania i przetworzenia austriackich map katastralnych do postaci umożliwiającej analizowanie użytkowania ziemi w połowie XIX wieku oraz prezentuje przykładowe opracowania wyników.

EN

The article presents possible application of Austrian cadastral maps for the analysis of land use with selected GIS tools. It describes the method of preparation and processing of cadastral maps into the form enabling analysis and shows example results prepared in ArcGIS 9.3. Austrian cadastral maps provide a valuable source of scientific information. Emergence of completely new research methods utilizing GIS techniques and tools widened the range of possibilities of geographical-historical analysis, including the analysis of old maps. The article discusses cadastral maps in the scale of 1:2880, elaborated in 1845 for the cadastral commune in Ostre in the region of Żywiec (southern Poland). Calibration is one of the more important issues in the use of old maps. To perform it one needs to know the local reference system and projection. Cadastral maps were probably prepared in Cassini-Soldner cylindrical transversal equal distance projection. The ones discussed in the article are located within the local Lviv cadastral system. In the first step affinity transformation was performed basing on sheet corners. The average RMS error was less than 4.91. The next step of calibration consisted in a transformation of the old local reference system into the modern one. At this stage Helmerfs simplified transformation, including Molodienski's converse formulae, was applied. It is usually assumed that the final stage of calibration of Austrian maps requires a transformation basing on polynomials of higher degree using adaptation points from the map. Because of an insufficient number of adaptation points and their uneven placing the author resigned from performing that last stage, which is permitted in the case of small areas (within the range of 5 km). On screen digitalization utilizing 'snapping' method was the next stage. It was accompanied with establishing a database of land use. Topology construction tool was used to eliminate errors in the process of digitalization. Transformation of old cadastral maps from paper to digital form makes it possible to determine the structure of land use in the middle of 19th century. When combined with altitude data obtained from the digital terrain model, these maps make it possible to determine the implications of terrain relief for particular types of land use as well as the structure of land use in particular altitude zones (table 2). Obtained results may provide a base for the search for other factors which could influence the structure of land use.

20

The concept of movable heritage cartographic presentation on the interactive map

Mościcka A.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2012

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Vol. 61, no. 2

91--104

EN

This paper presents the proposition of cartographic presentation of the movable cultural heritage on interactive map. The original solution on how to link movable monuments with geographical space as well as the different types of spatial reference were described. The text shows both: the way of presentation of single movable monuments and collections of historical objects. The proposed solutions were based on the assumption that the number of heritage resources shown on the map is huge and, what is more, they can keep growing. So, the proposed solution must be able to apply for a resource of indeterminate size. For the presentation of the movable heritage the traditional methods of cartographic presentation, as well as interactive technologies were applied.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia propozycję kartograficznej prezentacji informacji o ruchomym dziedzictwie kulturowym na interaktywnej mapie. Zaprezentowano autorskie spojrzenie na powiązanie zabytków ruchomych z przestrzenią geograficzną oraz wynikające z niego różne typy odniesień przestrzennych. W tekście przedstawiono sposób prezentacji zarówno pojedynczego zabytku ruchomego, jak i kolekcji obiektów historycznych. Proponowane rozwiązania bazowały na założeniu, iż liczba zasobów dziedzictwa jest ogromna, więc zasób prezentowany na mapie może się stale powiększać, zatem rozwiązania muszą być możliwe do zastosowania dla zasobu o nieokreślonej wielkości. Do prezentacji ruchomego dziedzictwa wykorzystano tradycyjne metody prezentacji kartograficznej, poszerzone o możliwości technologii interaktywnych.