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Mikołaj Kopernik - rys biograficzny

Mikulski Krzysztof

Postępy Fizyki

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2023

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T. 74, z. 1

32--33

PL

Mikołaj Kopernik urodził się w Toruniu 19 lutego 1473 roku o godzinie 4.48, w rodzinie bogatego kupca Mikołaja Kopernika i Barbary z domu Watzenrode. Jego datę urodzin utrwalono w drukowanym horoskopie z około 1541 roku. Podał ją pewnie sam astronom, inaczej nigdy byśmy jej nie poznali, w Toruniu bowiem nie prowadzono wówczas jeszcze ksiąg metrykalnych ani urzędowej rejestracji urodzeń. Ochrzczono go w kościele parafialnym pod wezwaniem Świętych Janów Chrzciciela i Ewangelisty wodą z brązowej chrzcielnicy.

EN

Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Toruń on February 19, 1473 at 4.48 am, in the family of a wealthy merchant Nicolaus Copernicus and Barbara née Watzenrode. His date of birth was recorded in a printed horoscope from around 1541. It was probably given by the astronomer himself, otherwise we would never have known it, because at that time in Toruń there were no record books or official registration of births. He was baptized in the parish church of Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist with water from a bronze font.

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Plamy słoneczne podczas Minimum Maundera

Rek R.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2018

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R. 63, nr 3

91--130

EN

The first sunspot had been observed with use of a telescope in 1610 by Thomas Harriot, in England. Observations later made by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner allowed them to publish detailed reviews of the studies. Very important place in the early history of solar investigations is occupied by Johan Hevelius with his catalogue and pictures of sunspot routes on the solar disc. His research had realized in the years 1642-1644 were the last before the so-called Maunder Minimum that started around 1645 and had lasted until 1715 or 1717 year. The hypothetical physical phenomenon propagated by Gustav Spörer at the end of the 19th century and the observations of sunspots that were discerned during this long minimum are discussed in detail. This paper presents the history of these solar research and includes some analyses that allowed me to compare the level of solar activity during the second part of the 17th century with other periods. Some observations of sunspots, discerned in the years 1672-1713 and later by other scientists, who were interested in investigations of the heliolatitude changes of these phenomena in the past, were omitted by Spörer on his published list of spots. A large part of other descriptions was connected with an astrometric measurements and misinterpreted as the solar surface investigations. As a result, a false opinion about the level of solar activity during the Maunder Minimum became a natural explanation for the solar behaviour and different terrestrial phenomena as variability of the radiocarbon isotope abundance in tree-rings. Additionally, this paper presents recently found archival descriptions of the solar spots and descriptions of large sunspots that were visible in the years of deep phase of Minimum, before the year 1700. A development of the Minimum idea, with use of the auroral displays discerned in the second part of the 17th century and the first two decades of the next century, is also shortly discussed. The auroral cyclicity appears to confirm more typical course of the solar activity during these years.

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Jan Jędrzejewicz i astronomia europejska 2. połowy XIX stulecia

Siuda-Bochenek M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2015

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R. 60, nr 2

93--115

EN

Jan Jędrzejewicz was an amateur astronomer who in the 2nd half of the 19th century created an observation centre, which considering the level of research was comparable to the European ones. Jędrzejewicz settled down in Płońsk in 1862 and worked as a doctor ever since but his greatest passion was astronomy, to which he dedicated all his free time. In 1875 Jędrzejewicz finished the construction of his observatory. He equipped it with basic astronomical and meteorological instruments, then began his observations and with time he became quite skilled in it. Jędrzejewicz focused mainly on binary stars but he also pointed his telescopes at the planets of the solar system, the comets, the Sun, as well as all the phenomena appearing in the sky at that time. Thanks to the variety of the objects observed and the number of observations he stood out from other observers in Poland and took a very good position in the mainstream of the 19thcentury astronomy in Europe. Micrometer observations of binary stars made in Płońsk gained recognition in the West and were included in the catalogues of binary stars. Interest in Jędrzejewicz and his observatory was confirmed by numerous references in the English „Nature” magazine.

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Historia pouczająca i ciekawa [rec.]

Branicki A.

Postępy Fizyki

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2008

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T. 59, z. 4

185-187

PL

Recenzja książki: Michael Hoskin - Historia astronomii, przekład Jarosław Włodarczyk, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2007, s. 368.