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Spartańscy tresantes w V-IV wieku p.n.e.

Kulesza R.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

2002

nr 3-4(48-49)

330-348

The author analyses the importance of courage and cowardice in Spartan ideology trying to explain the status of tresantes who suffered infamy and severe punishment for cowardice on a battlefield. Contrary to common in science beliefs, the author thinks that the Spartans differentiated punishment towards tresantes and that pragmatism dominated in their evaluations. According to the author, the attitude to cowardice and cowards in Sparta was generally the same as in other Greek states. The differences resulted mainly from maximalisation of Hoplic ideology. The author claims that the statement that a Spartan returned from war „with a shield or on a shield” was created as an element of the Spartan legend late (maybe in 2nd century AD). The article also includes general remarks on Spartan military and the state of research on war and military in ancient Greece.

Propaganda ateńska i antyateńska w przededniu wojny peloponeskiej

Podemski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

2002

nr 2(47)

416--436

The propaganda battle between the Greeks before the Peloponnesian Wars that can be recreated thanks to the work of Thucydides had a solemn and harsh character as Athens and Sparta constituted two entirely different models of Greek polis. The aim of both sides was to prove their rights in questionable matters and propagate the conviction of their own superiority over the opponent. Propaganda was both to strengthen their own position and weaken the adversaries. Therefore it was addressed both to friends and to enemies as well. Its tool, obvious in Greek conditions, was a spoken word. The anti-Athens (Peloponnesian) side took over the initiative at the very beginning. The Corinthians charged the Athens with the tendency to subordinate the whole Greece and accused them of oppressing poleis subordinated to them in the Sea Union. Athenian democracy was ridiculed as a system of mob government leading to the state degeneration. The Peloponnesians trusted in their own ethnic superiority over the Athenians - the superiority of the Dorics over the Ionics. Finally religious arguments were used, reminding of famous Alchmeonids’ crime and spreading favourable Delphic oracle. In these circumstances the Athenian propaganda took defensive shape trying to justify its own actions and deter the enemy not to take war actions. The Athenians claimed that they deserve to govern Ionia as a reward for their services during the wars against Persia. They praised democracy as the majority rule. The rejected accusations of effeminacy, claiming that, although they are not professional warriors as the Spartans, they could oppose them with their inborn bravery and fleet. Arguments voiced in defence of the Sea Union institution sounded so unconvincing then that Thucydides passed them over in silence. The Athenians raised also the issue of the profanation of the Temple of Athena by the Spartans. Athenian propaganda only created a response to the rival accusations, an answer that could convince nobody except the Athenians themselves. The opposite side won the propaganda battle, as well as the wars. The Spartans and their allies set out to fight to “free Hellada”.