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EN
In this work, hexagonal boron nitride powder was used for the lubrication of an interface of TiB2/Ti composite protected by an AlCrN coating and a ceramic Si3N4 ball. The wear behaviour of this tribo-pair in an oscillating motion was studied with an SRV tribotester at the temperature range from room temperature to 900 °C. The action of hexagonal boron nitride as a solid lubricant was analysed with the use of a 3D microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The test results confirmed that under high-temperature conditions, the use of hexagonal boron nitride as a solid lubricant does not increase the wear resistance of the TiB2/Ti composite. The use of the AlCrN coating significantly reduces wear at the temperature up to 600 °C only, while the combined use of the AlCrN coating and hBN lubrication provides effective protection against wear even at the temperature up to 900 °C. Therefore, the synergy of the anti-wear action of the coating and the solid lubricant was proved.
PL
W niniejszej pracy wykorzystano heksagonalny azotek boru (hBN) jako smarującą międzywarstwę między podłożem kompozytowym z TiB2/Ti chronionym powłoką AlCrN a przeciwpróbką – kulką ceramiczną wykonaną z Si3N4. Testy tribologiczne wykonano z zastosowaniem stanowiska SRV. Zbadano zużycie ścierne w ruchu oscylacyjnym w zakresie od temperatury pokojowej do 900°C. Rola hBN jako stałego środka smarowego została zbadana z wykorzystaniem mikroskopii 3D oraz spektroskopii rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań potwierdziły, że w warunkach wysokich temperatur zastosowanie heksagonalnego azotku boru pełniącego funkcję smaru stałego nie powoduje zwiększenie odporności na zużycie kompozytu TiB2/Ti. Zastosowanie powłoki AlCrN powoduje znaczącą redukcję zużycia jedynie do temperatury 600°C, podczas gdy łączne zastosowanie powłoki AlCrN i smarowania hBN stanowi skuteczną ochronę przed zużyciem nawet do 900°C. Wykazano zatem synergię przeciwzużyciowego działania powłoki i smaru stałego.
EN
Recently, attempts have been made to use porous metal as catalysts in a reactor for the hydrogen manufacturing process using steam methane reforming (SMR). This study manufactured Ni-Cr-Al based powder porous metal, stacked cubic form porous blocks, and investigated high temperature random stack creep property. To establish an environment similar to the actual situation, a random stack jig with a 1-inch diameter and height of 75 mm was used. The porous metal used for this study had an average pore size of ~1161 μm by rolling direction. The relative density of the powder porous metal was measured as 6.72%. A compression test performed at 1073K identified that the powder porous metal had high temperature (800°C) compressive strength of 0.76 MPa. A 800°C random stack creep test at 0.38 MPa measured a steady-state creep rate of 8.58×10-10 s-1, confirming outstanding high temperature creep properties. Compared to a single cubic powder porous metal with an identical stress ratio, this is a 1,000-times lower (better) steady-state creep rate. Based on the findings above, the reason of difference in creep properties between a single creep test and random stack creep test was discussed.
EN
In this study, high performance magnesium-yttria nanocomposite’s room temperature, strength and ductility were significantly enhanced by the dispersion of nano-sized nickel particles using powder blending and a microwave sintering process. The strengthening effect of the dispersed nano-sized nickel particles was consistent up to 100°C and then it gradually diminished with further increases in the test temperature. The ductility of the magnesium-yttria nanocomposite remained unaffected by the dispersed nano-sized nickel particles up to 100°C. Impressively, it was enhanced at 150°C and above, leading to the possibility of the near net shape fabrication of the nanocomposite at a significantly low temperature.
EN
The effect of porosity on high temperature compression and creep behavior of porous Cu alloy for the new molten carbonate fuel cell anodes was examined. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate and analyze the details of the microstructure and surface deformation. Compression creep tests were utilized to evaluate the mechanical properties of the alloy at 650 degrees C. The compression strength, elastic modulus, and yield stress all increased with the decrease in porosity. Under the same creep stress, the materials with higher porosity exhibited inferior creep resistance and higher steady-state creep rate. The creep behavior has been classified in terms of two stages. The first stage relates to grain rearrangement which results from the destruction of large pores by the applied load. In the second stage, small pores are collapsed by a subsequent sintering process under the load. The main deformation mechanism consists in that several deformation bands generate sequentially under the perpendicular loading, and in these deformation bands the pores are deformed by flattering and collapsing sequentially. On the other hand, the shape of a pore has a severe influence on the creep resistance of the material, i.e. every increase of pore size corresponds to a decrease in creep resistance.
5
Content available remote Magnetic properties of Triassic rocks of Svalbard Archipelago: preliminary results
EN
Studies were carried out in three rock formations: the Vardebukta Formation (Early Triassic) and the Bravaisberget Formation (Middle Triassic) from Spitsbergen and the Botneheia Formation (Middle Triassic) from Edgeøya (Eastern Svalbard). Collected samples are diversified and represent various lithologies with different thermal and tectonic histories. Magnetic properties of the specimens were studied using rock-magnetic methods including: thermal demagnetization of saturated isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), hysteresis loops and analysis of magnetic susceptibility variations at high temperatures. Subsequently anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and analysis of the structure of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) using thermal and alternating field (AF) demagnetization were investigated. The obtained results show that magnetite represents the main magnetic mineral in all studied rocks, whereas pyrrothite, as a second magnetic information carrier, was noted in some of specimens only. The samples from Edgeøya possess the highest magnetic susceptibility (ca. 240∙10−6 SI) which tends to decrease in sites located further to the west and reaches the minimum value for samples from western Spitsbergen (ca. 30–40∙10−6 SI). AMS studies revealed that the Middle Triassic samples are characterized by inverse magnetic fabric and prolate AMS ellipsoids, whereas the Early Triassic specimens represent normal sedimentary fabric and oblate AMS ellipsoids. Inverse magnetic fabric can be carried by many minerals including: tourmaline, cordierite or goethite (Chadima et al., 2006). For investigated samples two models proposed by Rochette (1988) are highly probable: (1) presence of single-domain elongated magnetite grains or (2) presence of ferroan carbonates whose maximum susceptibility is parallel to the c-axis. Paleomagnetic results of the Botneheia Formation revealed only one characteristic NRM component characterized by steep inclination and maximal unblocking temperatures in range of 425–450°C. In turn, the Early Triassic rocks record several NRM components with partially overlapping unblocking temperatures. We have concluded that different magnetic properties observed in studied rocks might be related to various lithologies but also to distinct tectonic and thermal histories associated with complex tectonic evolution of the Barents Sea Shelf.
EN
The good quality of several manufactured components frequently depends on solidliquid interactions existing during processing. Nowadays, the research in material engineering focuses also on modern, automatic measurement methods of joining process properties, i.a. wetting force and surface tension, which allows for quantitative determination of above mentioned parameters. In the paper, the brazes’ dynamic properties in high-temperatures’ measurement methodology and the stand for automatic determination of braze’s properties, constructed and implmented within the research grant nr KBN N N519 441 839 - An integrated platform for automatic measurement of wettability and surface tension of solders at high temperatures, are widely described.
EN
We report on irradiation experiments of InSb-based Hall samples at two types of neutron spectrums. One with thermal neutrons (natural neutron spectrum of fission reactor) and second with fast neutrons (filtered spectrum). Fluences in both cases reached almost 1018 cm-2 and that led to significant decreasing of electron mobility of samples. In case of thermal neutrons, transmutation process led to increasing of electron concentration of about 2.3×1018 cm-3. For samples irradiated with fast neutrons, twofold effect was observed: increase in electron concentration for samples with low carrier density and decrease in electron concentration for samples with high carrier density. All results raise important issue, that in case of ITER ex-vessel steady state sensors, research at different spectrum of neutrons are necessary.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały wyniki badań nad napromieniowaniem neutronami struktur halotronowych bazujących na antymonku indu (InSb). Część próbek została napromieniowana w strumieniu neutronów termicznych (widmo naturalne neutronów reaktora MARIA w Świerku), a pozostałe próbki w strumieniu neutronów prędkich (widmo filtrowane neutronów reaktora). W obu przypadkach dozy neutronów były zbliżone do poziomu 1018 cm-2, doprowadzając do znacznego spadku ruchliwości elektronów w cienkich warstwach InSb. W przypadku napromieniowania neutronami termicznymi zaobserwowano wzrost koncentracji elektronów o wartość ok. 2,3×1018 cm-3, głównie za sprawą transmutacji In -> Sn. Dla próbek napromieniowanych neutronami prędkimi wystąpiły dwa przeciwne efekty: wzrost koncentracji elektronów dla próbek o niskiej początkowej koncentracji elektronów, oraz spadek koncentracji dla próbek o wysokiej początkowej koncentracji elektronów. Wyniki badań wskazują, że w przypadku zastosowania czujników Halla w tokamaku ITER niezbędne jest przeprowadzenie badań w strumieniach neutronów o różnym widmie energetycznym.
8
Content available remote Surowce stosowane do wysokotemperaturowych izolacji termicznych
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane surowce do produkcji termoizolacji wysokotemperaturowych, czyli stosowanych w bezpośrednim lub pośrednim kontakcie z gorącymi mediami lub czynnikami gorącymi. Opisano ich podstawowe właściwości oraz podano główne obszary zastosowania.
EN
The article presents selected raw materials used in the production of high-temperature thermal insulation, i.e. used in direct or indirect contact with hot media or hot agents. It describes their basic properties and indicates the main areas of their application.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono procedury badawcze oraz wyniki badań modułu sprężystości fibrobetonu z dodatkiem włókien polipropylenowych poddanego oddziaływaniu wysokiej temperatury zbliżonej do temperatury występującej w środowisku pożaru. Oznaczenie modułu sprężystości wykonano na próbkach betonowych oraz fibrobetonowych klasy C30/37 i C60/75 zgodnie z procedurą "Oznaczanie współczynnika sprężystości betonu przy ściskaniu". Przedstawiono analizę wyników badań spadku modułu sprężystości w wysokich temperaturach pożaru.
EN
This paper presents research methods and studies results of the elastic modulus of fibers reinforced concrete with polypropylene fibers subject to high temperature, close to the temperatures occurring during the fire. The elastic modulus was determined for both concrete samples and fibers reinforced concrete samples of C30/37 and C60/75 class, according to the following procedure: "Determination of modulus of elasticity of the concrete in compression". The analysis of results of studies showing a decrease of the elastic modulus in fire high temperatures is presented.
10
Content available DC characteristics of the SiC Schottky diodes
EN
The isothermal and non-isothermal characteristics of silicon carbide Schottky diodes in the wide range of currents and ambient temperatures are investigated in this paper. The measurements of the diodes characteristics have been performed with the use of a pulse method, with fast registration of measurement points after the diode current turning on, or with the use of a fully static method, in which the self-heating phenomenon is taken into account. Apart from the measurements, the series of numerical experiments, giving the isothermal and non-isothermal characteristics as a result, were executed. The complex, accurate numerical procedures as well as simplified analytical calculations were implemented. A good conformity of all calculation and measurement results have been obtained. In the presented investigations, for relatively high currents and ambient temperatures, the influence of self-heating on the SiC Schottky diodes static characteristics is significant. The large (even 4 V for the ambient temperature 300.C ) values of voltages corresponding to the nominal diode currents have been observed.
PL
Przedstawiono zasady stosowania przewodów wysokotemperaturowych do przesyłu mocy przy założeniu dużych zmian obciążenia w skali doby.
EN
The paper presents principles of application of high temperature cables for power transmission, presuming big changes of the load during the day.
EN
Silicon carbide materials, with its high mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, ability to operate at high temperatures, and extreme chemical inertness to most of the electrolytes, are very attractive for high-power applications. In this paper, properties, advantages, and limitations of SiC and conventional Si materials are compared. Various applications, where SiC power devices are attractive, are discussed.
PL
Przedstawiono sposoby poprawy efektywności dystrybucji energii elektrycznej za pomocą przewodów typu ACCC/TW.
EN
Methods of improvement of effectiveness of power distribution with the help of ACCC/TW cables are presented.
PL
Przedstawiono koncepcję wykorzystania wysokotemperaturowych kabli nadprzewodzących do przesyłu energii elektrycznej.
EN
The paper presents an idea of application of high temperature superconducting cables for electric power transmission.
PL
W artykule opisano obudowę czujnika Halla przeznaczonego do pracy w wysokich temperaturach, do 300°C. Obudowa wykorzystuje płytkę bazową wykonaną z AI₂O₃ lub AlN. Dyskutowana jest konstrukcja obudowy i przydatność użytych materiałów. Przydatność opracowanej obudowy sprawdzono na modelu czujnika poddanego cyklowi termicznemu do 300°C.
EN
The article describes a Hall sensor package designed to work at high-temperatures, up to 300°C. The package is based on a base plate made of AI₂O₃ or AlN. The package construction and the applicability of the materials used is discussed. Applicability of the package is checked on a model sensor subjected to a thermal cycle, up to 300°C.
16
Content available remote Investigations of high-temperature corrosion of Cr-Ni cast steel
EN
Austenitic cast steels of Cr25-Ni32-Nb grade have found wide application in chemical and petrochemical industries. This study discusses the problem of the kinetics of oxidation of these materials in the atmosphere of laboratory air at temperatures of 930 and 1000 oC. Considering the operating conditions of castings (centrifugally cast reformer tubes), the results of the oxidation test of specimens taken from the zone of columnar crystals and equiaxial grains were presented.
EN
Results are hereby presented of heat-resistance tests of two Fe3Al and FeAl intermetallic phase-based alloys in the context of St41k-type boiler steel and 50H21G9N4 high-temperature creep resistant steel. It has been ascertained that heat resistance of the 50H21G9N4 steel and of the Fe3Al and FeAl intermetallic phase-based alloys significantly exceeds that of the boiler steel tested in the air atmosphere and the atmosphere of a flue gas with CO, CO2, SiO2 content alike. Improvement of these properties depends of exposure conditions. The largest differences have been observed when the tests were carried out in temperature 1023 K and in the flue gas atmosphere. The differences have been more and more noticeable as the exposition duration extended. A tendency has been also recorded of smaller mass decrements of the Fe3Al and FeAl intermetallic phase-based alloys as compared to the 50H21G9N4 steel.
EN
In this paper we give a presentation of the recently developed approaches concerned of the rate of oxidation the Arema steel at high-temperature in first stage of this process. The comparison analysis was performed on the basis of the experimental results of oxidation of cylindrical specimens made of above steel. The experiment was carried out in chamber furnace on series of specimens with dimension '" = 20 . 1=30 mm. The specimens were oxidised at 1000°C for 10 - 2280 minutes in air and then quenched in silica sand, afterwards were measured both with and without of scale.
CS
V článku jsou studovány vysokoteplotní tepelné vlastnosti alkalicky aktivovaného aluminosilikátového materiálu s elektroporcelánovým plnivem. Výsledky měření ukazují, že materiál má velmi dobrý potenciál pro budoucí využití při vysokoteplotních aplikacích ve stavebním průmyslu. Materiál je zcela stabilní do 12000C a jeho teplotní stabilita je dokonce vyšší než u materiálů na stejné bázi s pískem jako plnivem.
20
Content available remote Dimensions and kinetics of local heat sources in rubbing solid contact
EN
The paper describes the technique for studying the kinetics of thermal processes on real contact spots. Experimental results are presented. The effect of the load on the size distribution of hot spots (sources of heat radiation) is shown. The sliding velocity, surface topography and materials used are shown to influence the number, size, and life of the spots. The ratios of mean dimensions and total area of hot spots to those of the spots making up the real contact area are analyzed.
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