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Discharges of dust from NORM facilities: Key parameters to assess effective doses for public exposure

Kunze Christian, Schulz Hartmut, Ettenhuber Eckard, Schellenberger Astrid, Dilling Jorg

Journal of Sustainable Mining

2019

Vol. 18, iss. 1

31--37

In transposing Directive 2013/59/Euratom (European Basic Safety Standards or EU BSS) into national law, it was necessary to identify industrial sectors which involve naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) which may lead to public exposure that cannot be disregarded from a radiation protection point of view. A research project was implemented that resulted in a comprehensive survey of all potentially relevant industrial sectors operating in Germany. Major efforts were made to determine source terms of airborne discharges, atmospheric dispersion models, and dose calculations. The study arrived at the conclusion that the discharge and the settlement of dust in agricultural and horticultural areas is the most relevant dispersion and exposure pathway, while discharges of radon are of minor importance. The original study used a number of rather complex models that may distract from the fact that very few key parameters and assumptions determine the effective dose of members of the public. This paper revisits the study and identifies those parameters and assumptions and provides a simplified, generic, yet sufficiently reliable and robust assessment methodology to determine the radiological relevance of dust discharges from NORM industries under the typical geographical and meteorological conditions of Germany. This paper provides examples of dose estimates for members of the public for selected industries operating in Germany. Due to its simplicity and robustness, the methodology can also be used to assess effective doses resulting from discharges in other industries in Germany, and it can be adapted to conditions in other countries in a straightforward way.

Pressurized Recuperator for Heat Recovery in Industrial High Temperature Processes

Gil S., Góral J., Horňak P., Ochman J., Wiśniewski T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

2015

Vol. 60, iss. 3A

1847--1850

Recuperators and regenerators are important devices for heat recovery systems in technological lines of industrial processes and should have high air preheating temperature, low flow resistance and a long service life. The use of heat recovery systems is particularly important in high-temperature industrial processes (especially in metallurgy) where large amounts of thermal energy are lost to the environment. The article presents the process design for a high efficiency recuperator intended to work at high operating parameters: air pressure up to 1.2 MPa and temperature of heating up to 900°C. The results of thermal and gas-dynamic calculations were based on an algorithm developed for determination of the recuperation process parameters. The proposed technical solution of the recuperator and determined recuperation parameters ensure its operation under maximum temperature conditions.

Rekuperatory i regeneratory są ważnymi urządzeniami systemów odzysku ciepła w ciągach technologicznych procesów przemysłowych i powinny charakteryzować się wysoką temperaturą podgrzewania powietrza, niewielkimi oporami przepływu, a także długim czasem eksploatacji. Stosowanie układów do odzysku ciepła ma szczególne znaczenie w wysokotemperaturowych procesach przemysłowych (zwłaszcza w hutnictwie), gdzie tracone są do otoczenia duże ilości energii cieplej. W artykule zaprezentowano projekt procesowy wysokosprawnego rekuperatora przeznaczonego do działania przy wysokich parametrach roboczych: ciśnienia powietrza do 1.2 MPa i temperatury podgrzania do 900°C. Wyniki obliczeń cieplnych i gazodynamicznych uzyskano w oparciu o opracowany algorytm do wyznaczania parametrów procesowych rekuperacji. Zaproponowane rozwiązanie techniczne rekuperatora i wyznaczone parametry rekuperacji umożliwiają jego działanie w maksymalnych warunkach termicznych.