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1
Content available Review of Methods for Testing the Compatibility of High Energy Mixed Components
Gołofit Tomasz, Zakościelny Bartosz, Maksimowski Paweł, Chmielarek Michał, Cieślak Katarzyna, Sałaciński Tomasz
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
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2021
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Vol. 18, no. 4
512--528
EN
A review of methods for testing the compatibility of high energy mixed components is presented. The advantages, deficiencies as well as the limitations of particular research methods are described based on selected applications reported in the literature. The most frequently used techniques for testing compatibility are thermal methods, such as DSC, TG, VST, and HFC, in which the processes of decomposition of samples conditioned at elevated temperatures are analyzed. Examples of non-thermal methods for testing compatibility, such as DFT, FTIR or XRD are reported in the literature as well. Incompatibility may lead to thermal detonation, which can occur even at low degrees of conversion. For this reason, the authors focused specifically on the limitations of methods for determining compatibility at high degrees of conversion. The methods allowing testing of compatibility based on an analysis for the initial decomposition stage are recommended.
2
Content available Preparation and investigation of the properties of hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanidione (HHTDD)
Szala Mateusz, Szymańczyk Leszek
Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne
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2019
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T. 11(1)
76--82
EN
Literature descriptions of methods for obtaining hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanedione are discussed. The most advantageous method for preparing the compound on a laboratory scale was selected for experimental research. A full structural and qualitative analysis of the final product was carried out. The heat of combustion was determined calorimetrically and the standard enthalpy of HHTDD formation was calculated based on this value. The sensitivity of the material to mechanical stimuli (impact and friction) was determined.
PL
Przedyskutowano literaturowe opisy metod otrzymywania heksanitroheksaazatricyklododekanodionu. Do badań eksperymentalnych wytypowano metodę najkorzystniejszą z punktu widzenia otrzymywania związku w skali laboratoryjnej. Wykonano pełną analizę strukturalną i jakościową produktu finalnego. Kalorymetrycznie wyznaczono ciepło spalania i na tej podstawie obliczono standardową entalpię tworzenia HHTDD. Określono wrażliwość materiału na bodźce mechaniczne (uderzenie i tarcie).
3
Content available Synthesis of High-Energy Polymer : Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP)
Kasztankiewicz A., Kogut A., Jankiewicz M., Maksimowski P.
Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa
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2018
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Vol. 9, Nr 2 (32)
59--72
EN
Glycidyl Azide Polymer (glycidyl polyazide) (GAP) is one of the best known energetic binders, applicable as a component increasing a calorific value of rocket propellants. In this article, a synthesis of GAP is described allowing to obtain a polymer of different molecular masses. The change of a molecular mass can influence on properties of the obtained compounds. The synthesis was carried out according to an active monomer mechanism. The obtained products were characterized using such methods as FTIR, GPC, MALDI-ToF, TG, and NMR.
PL
Poliazydek glicydylu (GAP) jest jednym z najbardziej znanych lepiszczy energetycznych, znajdujących zastosowanie jako składnik zwiększający kaloryczność paliw rakietowych. W artykule opisano syntezę GAP-u pozwalającą na uzyskanie polimeru o różnych masach cząsteczkowych. Zmiana masy cząsteczkowej może wpływać na właściwości otrzymanych związków. Syntezę prowadzono według mechanizmu aktywnego monomeru. Otrzymane produkty scharakteryzowano z wykorzystaniem takich technik, jak: FTIR, GPC, MALDI-ToF, TG i NMR.
4
Content available Towards New Directions in Oxidizers/Energetic Fillers for Composite Propellants: an Overview
Dey A., Sikder A. K., Talawar M. B., Chottopadhyay S.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
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2015
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Vol. 12, no. 2
377--399
EN
There is continued interest in the development of safe and reliable composite propellant formulations using modern energetic ingredients such as energetic oxidizers/energetic ingredients, energetic binders, and energetic ballistic modifiers. There are continued efforts by energetic materials researchers, scientists, technologists and engineers to design composite propellant formulations with better ballistic properties than conventional formulations. The efforts in many research and development (R & D) laboratories all over the world are aimed at utilizing modern oxidizers/ energetic fillers for the development of composite propellant formulations for both space and defence applications. Composite propellants are considered to be the major source of chemical energy for rockets and missiles. Energetic oxidizers/fillers play vital roles in the preparation or manufacture of composite propellant formulations. Various energetic oxidizers/fillers have been developed during the last five decades to address environmental safety, high energy and processing conditions. In this article, the authors have reviewed the characteristic properties of the energetic oxidizers/fillers used in the preparation of composite propellants. The characteristic properties of the energetic ingredients play an important role in the preparation of composite propellant formulations with the desired mechanical properties. The advantages and disadvantages of various energetic oxidizers/ingredients for specific and potential propellant applications are also highlighted throughout the course of this review article. The future direction in composite propellant formulations calls for the development of green propellant formulations. Efforts will continue to seek alternative and more energetic oxidizers/fillers in comparison to conventional oxidizers. There is an urgent need to replace conventional oxidizers such as ammonium perchlorate with eco-friendly ingredients.
5
Content available A Predictive Method for the Heat of Explosion of Non-ideal Aluminized Explosives
Zhang Q., Chang Y.
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
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2013
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Vol. 10, no. 4
541--554
EN
The heat of explosion is one of the most important thermodynamic parameters of aluminized explosives. Two improvements in numerical calculations to predict the behaviour of the explosion of non-ideal aluminized explosives were completed in this work. The chemical reaction between aluminum and the C-J detonation products of high energy ingredients was determined and the equation of state for the detonation products of high energy ingredients was revised. The constant k in the BKW equation was revised to obtain perfect results for predicting the C-J parameters for high energy ingredients. The predicted results show that the heats and temperatures of aluminized explosives become maximized when the mass fraction of aluminum powder is 30%, which is in good agreement with the results obtained by empirical formulae.
6
Content available Termodynamiczne modelowanie procesów spalania, wybuchu i detonacji nieidealnych układów wysokoenergetycznych
Grys S., Trzciński W. A.
Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
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2010
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Vol. 59, nr 3
71-118
PL
W pracy przedstawiono termodynamiczną metodę wyznaczania stanu równowagowego reagującego, nieidealnego układu heterogenicznego. Omówiono sposoby jej zastosowania do określania parametrów spalania, wybuchu i detonacji materiałów wysokoenergetycznych. Przedstawiono aplikację numeryczną metody - kod ZMWNI. Omówiono algorytm główny kodu oraz sposoby jego użytkowania. Porównano wyniki obliczeń uzyskanych z tego programu i kodu CHEETAH. Wykonano obliczenia równowagowe parametrów wybuchu, spalania i detonacji dla wybranych materiałów, wyznaczono izentropy rozprężania produktów i energię detonacji. W obliczeniach nierównowagowych zakładano obojętność chemiczną jednego ze składników mieszaniny wybuchowej lub brak wymiany ciepła między składnikiem i produktami detonacji. Na zakończenie porównano wybrane obliczone charakterystyki detonacyjne z danymi doświadczalnymi.
EN
n this work, the thermodynamic method is presented of resolve of the equilibrium state of a reactive non-ideal heterogeneous system. The ways are described of application of the method for determination of parameters of combustion, explosion and detonation of high energetic materials. The code called ZMWNI is presented which is numerical application of the method. The main algorithm of the code and means of its use are described. Results of calculations by the use of ZMWNI and CHEETACH codes are compared. Equilibrium calculations of parameters of combustion, explosion and detonation for some explosives are performed as well as isentropes of products expansion and detonation energy are estimated. Chemical inertness of a one of components of explosive mixture as well nonappearance of heat exchange between the component and the detonation products are assumed in the non-equilibrium calculations. At the end, some calculated detonation characteristics are compared with experimental data.
7
Content available remote Badania nad syntezą wysokoenergetycznych i termostabilnych materiałów wybuchowych
Ziółko M., Glanowska E., Matys Z.
Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia
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2001
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R. 30, z. 78
119--127
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań prowadzonych w celu opracowania metod syntezy wysokoenergetycznych i termostabilnych materiałów wybuchowych.
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