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1

Management of herbaceous vegetation in historic gardens – the north landscape garden of Wilanów palace

Kuśmierski Jacek

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2022

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no. 3

17--30

EN

Herbaceous vegetation is a critical component of the multi-layered arrangement in historic gardens, enhancing its harmony and natural balance. Despite its numerous advantages, such as limiting weed growth, inhibiting soil degradation, and increasing biodiversity, it remains one of the most neglected components of historic gardens. The objective of this article was to present practical guidelines for the management of herbaceous vegetation in the North Landscape Garden of Wilanów Palace made for the Museum of King Jan III’s Palace at Wilanów between 2017 and 2018. Analytical studies and design works were conducted for an area of 5.3 ha. Following the principles of conservation with respect to spatial forms and landscape features with simultaneous reference to the composition of natural plant communities and preservation of the existing natural qualities, a list of 106 dominant and coexisting plant species was proposed. Herbaceous vegetation covered in total 39% of the park’s area. The identified species indicated a habitat of subcontinental oak-hornbeam forest (Tilio-Carpinetum calamagrostietosum) and willow-poplar marsh (Salici-Populetum). In addition, compositional guidelines and recommendations for implementation, care and use were specified. The correct management of herbaceous vegetation in a historic garden requires a well-thought-out design and implementation process that accounts for cultural values and habitat conditions.

2

Synusial structure of Lunario-Aceretum and Phyllitido-Aceretum in Kostrza reserve Beskid Wyspowy Range

Śliwińska-Wyrzychowska A., Grzybek M.

Chemistry, Environment, Biotechnology

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2010

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Vol. 14

101-109

EN

Investigations were carried out in a nature reserve, on the north slopes of the Kostrza Mt. (Western Carpathians). Two study plots of 10 x 10 m (one in Lunario-Aceretum and one in Phylitido-Aceretum) were divided into 100 squares of 1 m2 each. In each square the floristic composition was recorded together with percentage cover of all vascular plant species. Cluster analysis revealed three synusia in the herb layer: 1. Ribes alpinium + Phyllitis scolopendrium, 2. Lunaria rediviva+ Mercuriali perennis, 3. Petasites albus + Corydalis cava. Species frequency and their mean cover were used in the characteristics of synusia.

PL

Obiektem badań były zbiorowiska jaworzyny górskiej z miesiącznicą trwałą i języcznikiem zwyczajnym. Badania prowadzono na dwóch powierzchniach badawczych (10x10m, podzielonych na 100 kwadratów). Zostały one założone na północnych stokach Góry Kostrza. i obejmowały swoim zasięgiem fragmenty zespołów Lunario - Aceretumi i Phyllitido - Aceretum. W toku analizy numerycznej wyróżniono trzy typy synuzjów budujących warstwę runa (Ryc. 1). Ich nazwy utworzono od dominujących w nich gatunków, a scharakteryzowano je na postawie średniego pokrycia i frekwencji występujących w nich gatunków. W synuzjum Lunaria rediviva+Mercurialis perennis, poza miesiącznicą trwałą i szczyrem trwałym spotyka się, występującą z wysoka frekwencja Galium odorum (Tab. 1.). W synuzjum Petasites albus + Corydalis cava lepiężnikowi białemu i kokoryczy pustej towarzyszą występujące z mniejszym pokryciem Urtica dioica i Asarum europaeum. Trzecie synuzjum Ribes alpinium + Phyllitis scolopendrium charakteryzuje jedynie wysokie pokrycie porzeczki alpejskiej i języcznika zwyczajnego. Porównując częstość występowania wyróżnionych synuzjów w obrębie badanych powierzchni (100m2 każda) zauważyć można, iż na powierzchni badawczej zlokalizowanej w Lunario - Aceretum większy obszar zajmuje synuzjum Petasites albus + Corydalis cava (59%) (Ryc. 2). Na pozostałej części powierzchni występuje synuzjum Lunaria rediviva+Mercurialis perennis. Należy zauważyć tu całkowity brak synuzjum Ribes alpinum + Phyllitis scolopendrium. Na powierzchni badawczej założonej w Phyllitido - Aceretum 36% poletek reprezentuje synuzjum Phyllitides scolopendium. Na 60% powierzchni obecne jest synuzjum Lunaria rediviva+Mercurialis perennis natoniast synuzjum Petasites albus + Corydalis cava wykształciło się jedynie na 4% powierzchni, co może wskazywać na jego marginalne znaczenie w tym zespole. Liczne występowanie synuzjum Lunaria rediviva + Mercurialis perennis w obydwu zespołach wynika z ich zbliżonej przynależności syntaksonomicznej. Na badanych powierzchniach synuzja tworzą zwarte stosunkowo duże homogeniczne płaty.

3

A 13-year change in ground-layer vegetation of Carpathian beech forests

Łysik M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 1

47-61

EN

13 year changes in the ground vegetation of natural beech forest were studied in the Babia Góra National Park (South Poland) and compared with the results of similar study in the Ojców National Park published previously (Łysik 2008). In 1-ha permanent research plot homogeneous vegetation patches of the size at least 1m[^2], that differed from neighbouring patches in species composition and/or species share (patch types) were specified and mapped. After intersecting two (for years 1991 and 2004) numerical maps a synthetic map, used then as a basis for evaluating the ground vegetation changes, was created. Changes in each patch and dynamics of each species were derived using adequate formulas. Shannon-Wiener and evenness indices were measured for both years. Comparison of species composition and structure of the herb layer in 1991 and 2004 gives evidence of a highly dynamic nature of the ground layer. On 27% of investigated area vegetation were totally different than 13 years before, while less than 3% of the study area stayed unchanged. On the rest of the area changes of diverse intensity occurred. However, the mean over-plot intensity of changes was about 65% (calculated according to formula 1). Plant cover decreased by about 20%, but at the same time increases were noticed in species number and patch types. There was a significant increase in the area covered by grasses and ferns at the expense of Rubus idaeus L., which used to be a dominant species in 1991. Moreover, cover share of all species become more evenly distributed in comparison with situation 13 years before (evenness index increased from 0.49 to 0.68). The most dynamic species were those associated with decaying stumps and downed logs. These results suggest that, in natural beech forests, overstory dynamics or other mechanisms (like competition with natural recruitment of trees) make the dominance of any species in ground-layer not longer than a decade.

4

Ten years of change in ground-layer vegetation of European beech forest in the protected area (Ojców National Park, South Poland)

Łysik M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 1

17-31

EN

Long-term changes in ground-layer vegetation of unique stand of Carpathian beech forest Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum considered partly as a natural succession due to climatic changes and partly as a response to canopy dynamics, were investigated in the Ojców National Park (South Poland). Species composition and structure of the herb layer in the permanent research area were compared in 1993 and after ten years. About 77% of the study area was changed in this period, but the spatial pattern of distribution and intensity was highly mosaic. The mean intensity of changes calculated according to formula (1) derived from changes in percent cover of species was 42%. Herb cover decreased by about 15%, probably due to the rapid development of natural recruitment of trees in the study area (48% of area was covered by dense tree recruitment). In the same time the number of plant species and vegetation types (homogeneous vegetation patches of the size at least 1m2, that differed from neighbouring patches in species composition and/or species share) increased substantially. It is probably due to greater variation of light condition in ground layer created as a result of canopy gaps dynamics (the area of windthrow mounds in the study area increased approximately eight times between 1993 and 2003). There was a significant decline of species typical for beech forests, especially of vernal geophytes like Dentaria glandulosa W.K. and Isopyrum thalictroides L. Although it is too early to predict any directional changes, it is possible that the beech forest community will change into the Tilio-Carpinetum association in some parts of study area. Nowadays the expansion of invasive alien species Impatiens parviflora DC. is the great threat to the forest vegetation of the protected study area and the Ojców National Park. This species in 10 years managed to displace native species in 3% of the study area. The drastic decrease in herbaceous plants cover connected with increase in tree seedlings and saplings, systematic decline of vernal geophytes and typical beechwood species, diversification of ground vegetation structure and composition, and finally occurrence of non-native invasive plant species inform about highly dynamic nature of climax beech forests and generally of temperate forests. Changes are induced probably by both changing climate and overstorey dynamics.

5

Changes in herb layer heterogeneity of Scots pine forests along the North-South transect

Solon J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 4

481-492

EN

The purposes of the present paper are: a) to show the synusial structure of the herb layer of ten sites, located in Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, along the transect stretching between 50 stopni 28 minut and 70 stopni 09 minut N, and b) to characterise the species-area curves for all the sites studied. The number of types of synusiae on the particular sites ranges from three to ten, though only one or two have the dominating character, that is, occupy at least 20% of surface. From the point of view of synusial differentiation three geographical groups of sites could be established: the most distinctly different are the northern sites. The second subset of sites, though featuring relatively weak internal mutual similarities, encompasses the sites located in the middle part of the transect. The third subset of sites, represents a more southern character. For each of the sites separately the dependence between the number of vascular species of the herb layer and the area of the site considered (the species-area relationship) is described by the formula y=ax^b. Correlation coefficients between the model and the actual number of species are very high, from 0.902 to 0.998.