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1

Effect of harvest date on structural carbohydrates and lignin content in meadow sward in different pluvio-thermal conditions

Wróbel Barbara, Zielewicz Waldemar, Paszkiewicz-Jasińska Anna, Spychalski Bartosz, Jakubowska Zuzanna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

60--66

EN

The content of structural carbohydrates and lignin are important assessment criteria of the feed value of meadow plants. It is affected by many independent factors, including among others its development stage during the harvest as well as climatic conditions, especially the amount of rainfall. During the years 2014-2016, plant samples were harvested at weekly intervals, respectively five times from late April to late May. The effect of harvest date on cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents was evaluated. The chemical composition of plants was varied, depending not only on harvest date but also on the year of study. Regardless of the course of meteorological conditions in subsequent growing seasons, the increase of cellulose (from 236.5 to 297.9 g∙kg-1 DM), hemicelluloses (from 159.3 to 210.8 g∙kg-1 DM), and lignin (from 31.5 to 43.1 g∙kg-1 DM) in the following dates of harvest were observed. These parameters were also positively correlated with the total rainfall from the begging of vegetation season to the date of plants sampling (R2 = 0.65, 0.12 and 0.44 for cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, respectively), and with the average daily air temperature in the moment of harvest (R2 = 0.66, 0.32 and 0.52 for cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, respectively). The cellulose and lignin content, regardless of the harvest date, were significantly higher in the first year of the study (2014), when moisture conditions for plant development were optimal.

2

The Effect of Soil Conditioners on Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and the ADL Fibre Fraction Concentration in Dactylis Glomerata and Lolium Perenne

Truba M., Wiśniewska-Kadżajan B., Sosnowski J., Malinowska E., Jankowski K., Makarewicz A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 1

107--112

FR

Replicated three times, the research was conducted in the experimental field between 2011 and 2014. Three soil conditioners with the following trade names: UGmax, Eko- Użyźniacz, and Humus Active Papka were used in the experiment, separately or together with NPK fertilisers. They were all used on plots sown with two species of grass, Dactylis glomerata of the Bora variety and Lolium perenne of the Info variety. The plant material from both grass species was tested for the concentration of ADL fraction (% DM), cellulose (% DM), and hemicellulose (% DM). It was found that the concentration of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and the ADL fraction was significantly higher in the biomass of Dactylis glomerata than in the biomass of Lolium perenne. The grass from the plot with the UGmax soil conditioner applied had the highest amount of cellulose and hemicellulose. The lowest amount of those organic compounds was found in the grass treated with UGmax together with mineral fertilisers and in plants treated with Humus Active, together with mineral fertilisers. However, the fertilisers and conditioners did not increase the ADL content in both grass species.

3

Skład chemiczny drewna sosny pospolitej (Pinus sylvestris L.) na różnych etapach naturalnej degradacji

Witczak A., Sławska M., Radomski A., Lewandowska A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2016

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T. 95, nr 9

1712--1715

PL

Badano materiał pobrany z pniaków w wieku 5–25 lat znajdujących się w drzewostanach na siedlisku boru świeżego i lasu świeżego. Próbę odniesienia stanowił materiał pobrany ze świeżych pniaków. Metodami chemicznymi określono zawartość celulozy, ligniny i hemiceluloz. Zawartość celulozy oraz hemiceluloz malała wraz z wiekiem pniaka, a zawartość ligniny rosła. Degradacja celulozy następowała szybciej na żyźniejszym siedlisku. Żyzność siedliska nie miała wpływu na tempo degradacji hemiceluloz.

EN

Twelve Scots pine wood samples collected from 0–25 years old stumps located in fresh coniferous and fresh forests, were studied for contents of cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses. The contents of cellulose and hemicellulose decreased with the age of the stump, while the lignin content increased. The degrdn. of cellulose occurred quicker in the richer habitat. The habitat fertility had however no impact on the hemicellulose decompn. rate.

4

Characterization and components separation of corn stover by alkali and hydrogen peroxide treatments

Cong L., Li Z., Guanqun Z., Jianguo X., Long .

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2015

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Vol. 17, nr 2

89--95

EN

The dissolution of corn stover in alkaline solvent system composed of NaOH-H2O2 was reported and the separation of its ingredients combined with acid precipitation, ethanol extraction was proposed. It is proven that the residual after alkali solvent was cellulose, the filtrate by the acid precipitation of the liquor was lignin, the solid by the ethanol extraction of the liquor was hemicellulose. The optimum dissolution conditions were determined by single-factor experiment as follows: the concentration of H2O2 5.0%, pH 11.5, dissolution temperature 60°C, dissolution time 3.0 h, the ratio of liquid to solid 30 mL/g. And chemical analysis were employed to determine the purity of the components separated. The structure of the components separated were identifi ed by FT-IR, SEM, XRD and NMR. The cellulose recovery yield can achieve to 84.2% and lignin recovery yield is 86.6%, the hemicellulose recovery yield is 96.7%. After recycling the solvent 3 times, the recovery yield of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose were 82.7, 87.6 and 97.4%, and the purity of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose were 98.0, 96.5 and 98.7%, respectively.

5

The effect of growth regulator on structural and non-structural carbohydrates and lignin content in selected grass species and cultivars

Ciepiela G. A., Godlewska A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 3

189--197

EN

The research was undertaken to determine the effect of the biostimulant Kelpak SL, derived from brown seaweed species Ecklonia maxima (kelp), on structural and non-structural carbohydrates, as well as lignin content in orchard grass and Braun’s festulolium. The experiment was a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. It was set up at the experimental facility of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, in late April 2009. The following factors were examined: an application of the plant growth regulator Kelpak SL applied at the rate of 2 dm3·ha-1 vs an untreated control (0 dm3··ha-1), pure sown grass species and cultivars grown in monoculture: Dactylis glomerata, cv. Amila and Tukan, as well as Festulolium braunii cv. Felopa and Agula. This study revealed that an application of Kelpak significantly reduced cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents of the grasses but significantly increased non-structural carbohydrates, regardless of the remaining factors. Non-structural carbohydrates were the highest in Kelpak-treated Festulolium braunii (on average, 232.7 g·kg-1).

6

A controlled radical polymerization route to polyepoxidated grafted hemicellulose materials

Edlund U., Albertsson A.-Ch.

Polimery

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2014

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T. 59, nr 1

60--65

EN

Polyfunctional copolymers were prepared from the major softwood hemicellulose polysaccharide, i.e. O-acetylated galactoglucomannan (AcGGM) through a grafting-from controlled radical polymerization. AcGGM was functionalized with brominated pendant groups that served as initiating species in the subsequent Cu(0) mediated radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). A linear relationship of ln[GMA]0/[GMA] (the index 0 refers to the initial value) versus reaction time up to conversions of 80 % suggests a first order rate of propagation and a "living” polymerization.

XX

Kopolimery wielofunkcyjne wytworzono z głównego polisacharydu będącego składnikiem hemicelulozy pochodzącej z drewna miękkiego, tj. O-acetylowanego galaktoglukomannanu (AcGGM) poprzez szczepienie w procesie kontrolowanej polimeryzacji rodnikowej. AcGGM funkcjonalizowano przyłączając bromowane grupy boczne, które służyły jako inicjatory w kolejnym procesie, katalizowanej za pomocą Cu(0), reakcji polimeryzacji rodnikowej metakrylanu glicydylu (GMA). Liniowa zależność ln[GMA]0/[GMA] (indeks 0 odnosi się do wartości początkowej) od czasu reakcji obserwowana do osiągnięcia 80%konwersji, pozwala przypuszczać, że reakcja propagacji jest pierwszego rzędu i ma charakter polimeryzacji żyjącej.

7

Metody wstępnego przygotowania biomasy lignocelulozowej do fermentacji metanowej

Bernat K., Wojnowska-Baryła I., Kasiński S., Szatkowski M.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2014

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Nr 7

269--273

PL

Rośliny uprawne, biomasa pożniwna, odpady z produkcji rolniczej, bogate w substancje lignocelulozowe, są obiecującym surowcem do produkcji biogazu. Ograniczona podatność masy lignocelulozowej na biodegradację wymaga działań zwiększających biodostępność. Stosowane są różne techniki wstępnej obróbki w tym metody: mechaniczne tj. mielenie i cięcie, chemiczne tj. działanie zasadami, kwasami oraz rozpuszczalnikami organicznym, termiczne tj. działanie parą i gorącą wodą czy biologiczne tj. kiszenie czy inokulacja. W pracy przeprowadzono analizę metod wstępnego przygotowania biomasy lignocelulozowej do fermentacji metanowej oraz określono podatności substratu lignocelulozowego na trawienie.

EN

Crops, stubble biomass, waste from agricultural production, rich in lignocellulosic materials, are a promising feedstock for biogas production. Low biodegradation potential of lignocellulosic substrates requires treatment processes to enhance bioavailability. Various pretreatment methods are used: mechanical treatment i.e. grinding and cutting, chemical treatment with alkali, acids and organic solvents, thermal treatment i.e. steam or hot water and biological treatment i.e. pickling or inoculation. The present paper shows methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates to methane fermentation, moreover susceptibility of lignocellulosic substrate for digestion was determined.

8

Market for Starch, Hemicellulose, Cellulose, Alginate, its Salts and Esters, and Natural Polymers, Including Chitin and Chitosan: Analysis Results

Wysokińska Z.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2010

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Vol. 18, no. 6 (83)

7--13

EN

The objective of this paper is the presentation of the results of an analysis of selected polysaccharide markets, with special reference to starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, alginate, its salts and esters, and natural polymers, including the chitin and chitosan market. Research was conducted on the basis of Eurostat and Comtrade-UN statistical data for the years 2005-2007 for production, import, export, and market volumes of the countries of the “15” (the “old” member states of the European Union) as well as of the “12” new European Union member states (which became European Union members in 2004 and 2007). This analysis has demonstrated that over the years examined for the product groups analysed, the European Union markets for starch, hemicelluloses and cellulose, and natural polymers, including chitin and chitosan have the greatest development potential. There was only a lack of development potential in the alginate market. The dominant position on all of the markets analysed is occupied by producers from the countries of the “15”. From among the new member states, the market position of Poland is, in most cases, among the most notable from amongst the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, where it is the highest on the European cellulose market (5.8%), followed by hemicellulose (3.6%), starch (approximately 3%), alginate (approximately 2%), and polymers, including chitin and chitosan (approximately 1%).

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników analizy rynku skrobi, enzymów, w tym hemicelulozy, celulozy, alginianu, jego soli i estrów, polimerów naturalnych, w tym chityny i chitozanu. Analiza została przeprowadzona na podstawie danych statystycznych Eurostat dla lat 2005-2007 dla produkcji, importu, eksportu oraz wolumenu rynkowego w odniesieniu do krajów 15-tki (tzw. „starych krajów członkowskich UE ) oraz do 12 nowych krajów członkowskich UE (które do UE przystąpiły w latach 2004 i 2007). Analiza wykazała, że do najbardziej rozwojowych rynków UE należą: rynek skrobi, enzymów (w tym hemicelulozy), celulozy oraz polimerów naturalnych, w tym chityny i chitozanu, natomiast brak tendencji rozwojowych wystąpił tylko na rynku alginianu. Dominującą pozycję na wszystkich analizowanych rynkach zajmują głównie producenci krajów „15-tki”. Wśród nowych państw członkowskich pozycja rynkowa Polski należy w większości przypadków do najbardziej liczących się wśród krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, przy czym najwyższa jest ona na europejskim rynku celulozy (5,8%), następnie enzymów, w tym hemicelulozy (3,6%), skrobi – ok.3%, alginianu (ok.2%) a następnie polimerów w tym chityny i chitozanu – (ok.1%).