Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Effect of water-air heat transfer on the spread of thermal pollution in rivers

Kalinowska Monika Barbara

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 2

597--619

EN

While working on practical problems related to the spread of thermal pollution in rivers, we face difficulties related to the collection of necessary data. However, we would like to predict the increase in water temperature at the best accuracy to forecast possible threats to the environment. What level of accuracy is necessary and which processes that influence the water temperature change have to be taken into account are usually problematic. Those problems, with special stress on water–air heat exchange in practical applications in the so-called mid-field region in rivers, which is very important for the environmental impact assessment, constitute the main subject of the present article. The article also summarises the existing knowledge and practice on water–air heat exchange calculations in practical applications.

2

Modelling the water and heat balances of the Mediterranean Sea using a two-basin model and available meteorological, hydrological, and ocean data

Shaltout M., Omstedt A.

Oceanologia

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2015

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No. 57 (2)

116--131

EN

This paper presents a two-basin model of the water and heat balances of the Western and Eastern Mediterranean sub-basins (WMB and EMB, respectively) over the 1958–2010 period using available meteorological and hydrological data. The results indicate that the simulated temperature and salinity in both studied Mediterranean sub-basins closely follow the reanalysed data. In addition, simulated surface water in the EMB had a higher mean temperature (by approximately 1.6°C) and was more saline (by approximately 0.87 g kg−1) than in the WMB over the studied period. The net evaporation over the EMB (1.52 mm day−1) was approximately 1.7 times greater than over the WMB (0.88 mm day−1). The water balance of the Mediterranean Sea was controlled by net inflow through the Gibraltar Strait and Sicily Channel, the net evaporation rate and freshwater input. The heat balance simulations indicated that the heat loss from the water body was nearly balanced by the solar radiation to the water body, resulting in a net export (import) of approximately 13 (11) W m−2 of heat from the WMB (to the EMB).

3

Calculating the water and heat balances of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin using ocean modelling and available eteorological, hydrological and ocean data

Shaltout M., Omstedt A.

Oceanologia

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2012

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No. 54 (2)

199-232

EN

Eastern Mediterranean water and heat balances were analysed over 52 years. The modelling uses a process-oriented approach resolving the one-dimensional equations of momentum, heat and salt conservation; turbulence is modelled using a two-equation model. The results indicate that calculated temperature and salinity follow the reanalysed data well. The water balance in the Eastern Mediterranean basin was controlled by the difference between inflows and outflows through the Sicily Channel and by net precipitation. The freshwater component displayed a negative trend over the study period, indicating increasing salinity in the basin. The heat balance was controlled by heat loss from the water surface, solar radiation into the sea and heat flow through the Sicily Channel. Both solar radiation and net heat loss displayed increasing trends, probably due to decreased total cloud cover. In addition, the heat balance indicated a net import of approximately 9 W m-2 of heat to the Eastern Mediterranean Basin from the Western Basin.

4

Longwave radiation budget at the Baltic Sea surface from satellite and atmospheric model data

Zapadka T., Krężel A., Woźniak B.

Oceanologia

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2008

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No. 50 (2)

147-166

EN

The net longwave radiation flux LW in the Baltic Sea in 2001 has been subjected to spatial and temporal analysis. Maps of the mean monthly LW over the Baltic were drawn using the new semi-empirical formula for the Baltic Sea (Zapadka et al. 2007). The input data for the formula, such as sea surface and air temperatures, and cloud cover, were obtained from the Tiros N/NOAA and METEOSAT 7 satellites and from the UMPL forecast model (see http://meteo.icm.edu.pl). The mean annual LW for 2001 was estimated at 63 W m-2 and compared with available data from other sources. The monthly maps of the net flux LW over the Baltic show that the total values reach a minimum (LW?? ? 50 W m-2) in April, September, October and a maximum (LW = 80 W m-2) in November. The statistical error of daily maps, on which the monthly maps were based, is no more than 18 W m-2.