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1

Heavy metal concentration and potential health risk assessment for the European eel (Anguilla anguilla, Linnaeus 1758) from the Gediz Delta (Eastern Aegean, Türkiye)

Taş Elif Çağrı, Başaran Asli, Sunlu Uğur, Salman Alp

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 2

144--152

EN

The present paper is the first document on heavy metal levels in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) collected from the Gediz Delta in the Eastern Aegean (Türkiye). In this study, concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb were determined in the liver, gills, and muscle tissues of A. anguilla eels. Sixty dead eels were obtained between June 2015 and January 2016, and their total size and weight were measured. Heavy metal accumulation levels in edible muscle tissue of the eels were compared with national and international standards, and Estimated Weekly Intake (EWI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Total Target Hazard Quotient (Σ THQ) were calculated. It was determined that metal concentration levels in A. anguilla follow the sequence of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Zn has the highest concentration in all sampling periods and in all tissue types. It was found that Σ THQ was below 1 and amounted to 0.41. This result shows that there is no carcinogenic risk associated with the consumption of A. anguilla in adults.

2

Contamination of the Šar Mountains Aquatorium – Kosovo with Depleted Uranium

Stanojević Nenad Z., Đokić Jelena V., Lazarević Đorđe R., Nikezić Dušan P., Osmokrović Predrag V.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2023

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Tom 25

1--8

EN

The main objective of this study was to estimate the environmental and health risk of the Šar Mountains (Kosovo) for depleted uranium contamination. The risk assessment of the contamination is needed since, in the spring of 1999, conflict with bombarding took place in the territory of the Western Balkans, during which depleted uranium ammunition was used. In Serbia and Montenegro, such tests were performed; based on them, some territories were decontaminated. Šar Mountains is particularly important as it is one of the few water-rich areas in Kosovo. Therefore, soil and water samples were taken from characteristic places in the Šar Mountains aquatorium. Tests of the samples were performed under well-controlled conditions. The measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no contamination of the Šar Mountains with depleted uranium. This conclusion can be extended to the broader area around the Šar Mountains, as it is a safe area surrounded by high mountains

3

Metal pollution status and health risk assessment of beach sediments along the Mersin coast, Turkey

Özbay Özgür, Akçay Ismail

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 4

461--470

EN

In the present study, the ecological risk assessment of metal contamination in beach sediments along the Mersin coast was determined using the metal contents of beach sediments in Mersin, Kızkalesi, Susanoğlu and Taşucu region obtained between 2006 and 2009. Furthermore, the potential health risk assessment for ingestion and dermal contact pathways of adults and children was determined. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals showed that there is no pollution in the beach sediments for the metals Cu, Pb and Zn for the all studied coasts. However, the high ecological risk indices calculated in this study strongly suggested an apparent Cd, Cr and Ni pollution in the studied beach sediments due to natural and anthropogenic contamination. Study findings indicated the HI values were greater than 1 for the metal Cr. The TCR values were higher than 1.00E-04 for the metals Cr and Ni calculated for adults, and for the metal Cu, Cr and Ni calculated for children, respectively. All these findings showed that there is a high carcinogenic risk for adults and children resident in the Mersin province from carcinogenic Cr and Ni whilst the studied coasts have additional health risks to children from carcinogenic Cu.

4

Analysis of Field Data for Risk Assessment of Vapor Intrusion at a Trichloroethylene-Contaminated Site – A Case Study in Taiwan

Fen Chiu-Shia, Zhuang Yi-Li, Lee Yu-Cheng, Lin Yuan Long, Huang Yangting, Lee Shu-An

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

112--123

EN

The potential risks of vapor intrusion (VI) can arise from low bulk soil contaminant concentration existing in shallow soils beneath a building foundation. To assess VI risks for such a contamination scenario, a comprehensive study was conducted on a factory building located at a trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated site. This study involved the integration of various types of field data, including groundwater, bulk soil, soil gas and indoor air data, along with the utilization of the Vapor Intrusion Screening Level (VISL) calculator. Previously observed high TCE concentrations in soil gas are attributed to accumulation of TCE vapor within the unsaturated soil beneath the building floor, since ground surface is extensively paved at this site. These soil gas data do not directly correlate with the magnitudes of bulk soil and/or groundwater TCE concentration with the linear adsorption model. Soil gas TCE concentration exceeding 107 μg/m3 (or bulk soil concentration exceeding 18.9 mg/kg) observed in shallow soils (at a depth of less than 1 m ) may pose health risk to the workers inside the building due to VI, as we have detected TCE vapor concentrations exceeding indoor air screening level several times in the past. This bulk soil TCE concentration, however, falls below soil pollution control standards for TCE, i.e., 60 mg/kg, in Taiwan. As a result, soil remediation is not considered at this site. Soil gas TCE concentrations have reduced to less than 106 μg/m3 after two years of groundwater remediation work at this site. However, we have observed significantly higher soil gas TCE levels at a depth of 0.5 m compared to other depths. This discrepancy raises suspicions that an amount of TCE may still be trapped within the shallow soils that are not reached by groundwater table.

5

GIS and Index-Based Methods for Assessing the Human Health Risk and Characterizing the Groundwater Quality of a Coastal Aquifer

Foufou Atif, Haied Nadjib, Azlaoui Mohamed, Khadri Samira, Boussaid Adel, Kechiched Rabah

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

36--53

EN

The massive dune aquifer of Bouteldja is one of the most exploited aquifers in Algeria; as a result, its piezometric level has declined. Such pressure on the dune aquifer, in addition to its moderate-to-severe vulnerability to pollution, may lead to deterioration of groundwater quality. This study is intended to assess the quality of aquifer groundwater for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes, and also to evaluate health risks. To this end, we analyzed data of 16 physicochemical parameters collected from 25 groundwater samples. Using the Durov diagram, principal component analysis (PCA), and Pearson’s correlation matrix, we found that most major ions show similar origins related to ion exchange and the proximity of the sea. Our results showed that, overall, the groundwater intended for drinking purposes was of good or excellent quality over most the aquifer, where the majority of wells are located. However, the groundwater is mostly unsuitable for irrigation purposes according to the Kelly index (KI), percentage of sodium (Na %), magnesium hazard (MH), and irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Further, calculations of corrosivity ratios (CRs) indicated that the groundwater is unsuitable for industrial uses. Finally, a health risk assessment of iron heavy metal related to the hazard index (HI) for both ingestion and dermal exposure in children and adults showed negligible-to-low risk from iron exposure.

6

Zawartość azotanów(III) i azotanów(V) w wodzie kranowej na terenie Górnego Śląska oraz ich potencjalny wpływ na zdrowie konsumentów

Pecyna-Utylska Paulina, Kernert Joanna, Michalski Rajmund

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

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nr 3

24--32

PL

Azotany(III) i azotany(V) są typowymi zanieczyszczeniami wody pitnej, które mają negatywny wpływ na zdrowie ludzi. W pracy oceniono poziom azotanów(III) i azotanów(V) w 29 wodach kranowych i jednej studni wiejskiej na terenie Górnego Śląska. Uzyskane wyniki posłużyły do oceny ryzyka zdrowotnego dla miejscowej ludności. Punkty poboru próbek zostały wybrane tak, aby pomóc w identyfikacji źródła w przypadku wystąpienia podwyższonego poziomu azotanów(III) lub azotanów(V). Dawka azotanów pobranych w wyniku spożycia wody pitnej była wyższa dla dzieci i niemowląt niż dla dorosłych. Iloraz zagrożenia dla kobiet, mężczyzn, dzieci i niemowląt był mniejszy od 1.

EN

Nitrates and nitrites are typical and important contaminants of drinking water that negatively affect people’s health. The paper evaluates the levels of nitrates and nitrites in 29 tap waters and one village well in Upper Silesia. The results were used for health risk assessment for the local communities. The sampling points were chosen so that to help identify the source when an elevated level of nitrites and nitrates is observed. The calculated Chronic Daily Intake values were higher for children and infants than for adults. The Hazard Quotient values for women, men, children and infants were below 1.

7

Assessment of the health risk associated with exposure to heavy metals present in particulate matter deposition in the Małopolska Province

Wieczorek Jerzy, Baran Agnieszka, Pawlik Ewa, Mądro Izabela, Gąsienica Anna, Wojtaszek Iwona, Antonkiewicz Jacek

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 2

95--107

EN

The aim of the study was to investigate the content of trace elements in deposited particulate matter and to estimate the health risk to Kraków inhabitants, caused by the exposure to heavy metals in particulate matter deposition. The qualitative and quantitative assessments of selected heavy metals in deposited particulate matter have been carried out in the city of Kraków (Małopolska, southern Poland, 5 measuring points) for seven months, between February and September 2017. A comparative study was conducted at the same time in Małopolska (5 measuring points). The deposited particulate matter was collected gravitationally, using measurement plates covered with aluminum foil and paraffin jelly. The largest deposition of particulate matter was found in May and June. The highest amount of deposited particulate matter and metals present in it was determined in Kraków. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) evaluation for non-carcinogenic effect showed low risk for each metal. In the case of lead in particulate matter, the carcinogenic risk value did not reach 10−6 hence this risk is acceptable. The total carcinogenic risk for all routes of exposure to cadmium was higher, indicating the risk of cancer in children and adults, with children more exposed. However, the carcinogenic risk for cadmium was also acceptable. The study showed that the problem of poor air quality concerns not only the city of Kraków, but also the entire Małopolska region. Elevated metal concentrations in particulate matter indicate the need for monitoring it in the air.

8

Environmental Health Hazards of the Demolition of the 'Siechnice' Smelter Slag Heap

Łukasik Paulina, Wróbel Magdalena, Stojanowska Agnieszka, Zeynalli Farhad, Rybak Justyna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 4

74--85

EN

The activities of smelters are often responsible for emitting pollution, especially PTEs, which are known to have a negative impact on the environment. Hence, the areas with active or past smelter activities are now of great concern. Following this idea, the analysis of the soil samples from the area nearby post-metallurgic waste dump, which is a remnant of the smelter where ferrochrome was produced, was performed. The samples were analyzed in terms of metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe, Cr) and only the concentrations of Pb did not exceed the limit value for soil. Calculations of the exposure doses for each of these metals were also presented, considering different routes of exposure. Additionally, Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and excessive risk of cancer development (ECR) were calculated, which helped to estimate the health risk.

9

Volatile organic compounds in motor vehicle interiors under various conditions and their effect on human health

Verner Jan, Sejkorová Marie, Veselík Petr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

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z. 107

205--216

EN

The aim of this paper is to estimate the mass concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E) and m-, p-, o-xylenes (X) inside of the driver-compartment of motor vehicles. The results were compared with the Czech limits for indoor environments and the external concentrations. The experiments were carried out on various routes with different methods of ventilation. The volatile emissions detected inside the vehicle were investigated in the city of Brno, Czech Republic. Cabin air was collected using desorption tubes and the samples were analysed by thermal desorption gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector coupled with a mass detector. VOC concentrations detected in the cabin of the vehicle ranged from 2.93 µg.m-3 to 7.96 µg.m-3 for benzene, 1.42 µg.m-3 to 4.38 µg.m-3. for toluene, 44.06 µg.m-3 to 152.00 µg.m-3 for ethylbenzene and 63.07 µg.m-3 to 479.62 µg.m-3 for xylenes. The indoor limit value for benzene, according to the Czech standard, is 7 µg.m-3. Levels of toluene were consistently below the Czech hourly standard, whose value according to the Czech standard is 300 µg.m-3. According to our findings, various methods of ventilation are an important factor influencing the BTEX pollution levels within the interior of the vehicle. In addition, this paper presents the influence results of benzene on the health of passengers inside the cabin of the vehicle. The results show that all age categories, especially children under the age of two, are exposed to increased health risks.

10

Health Risk Assessment of Swimming Pool Users from the Effects of Legionella Spp. Contamination of Water

Zimoch Izabela, Paciej Jarosław

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 2

178--189

EN

One of the main problems in the scope of public health is poor identification of the waterborne diseases and their etiology. One of the aims of the new directive concerning the quality of water intended for human consumption is to implement the principles of hazard assessment in water supply systems (WSS) in the member states, on the basis of water quality monitoring and analyses of the system functioning conditions. The implementation of risk management procedures in WSSs is to ensure an increase in the water supply safety and, in turn, protect the consumer’s health against the harmful effects of any potable water contamination. At present, the secondary legislation to the Polish acts implementing the Directive of the Council of Europe is the Regulation of the Minister of Health on the quality of water intended for human consumption, which also sets forth the scope of monitoring the quality of hot water for Legionella spp., which can be an etiological factor of legionellosis. Another act regulating the water quality in terms of Legionella spp. is the Regulation of the Minister of Health on water quality in swimming pools. These acts, referring to the parameter of Legionella spp., are complementary. This paper presents the results of evaluating the change in the sanitary status of hot water quality in terms of contamination with Legionella spp. bacteria in the selected swimming pool facilities in southern Poland (Silesian Voivodship). On the basis of the available water quality test from state inspections (Chief Sanitary Inspectorate), an analysis of the microbiological quality of hot water in swimming pools was conducted. The analyses included a spatial distribution of those facilities, which results from the regionalisation subject to the territorially competent public health authority exercising supervision over the water quality in the Silesian Voivodship. The methods were presented for determination of the health risk of swimming pool users as a result of contamination of swimming pool water with Legionella spp. in relation to the availability of a given recreation facility. The final result of these studies is the use of GIS (Geographic Information System) tools in spatial risk interpretation.

11

Integrated approach to quality indices and health risk assessment of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal, Fayoum, Egypt

Hassouna Mohamed E.M., Goher Mohamed E., El-Sayed Seliem M., Hassan Reda A.A.A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 4

337--354

EN

The Bahr Yusuf Canal is the life artery of the Fayoum Province, which provides the province with two thirds of the freshwater quota from the Nile River. The present work was carried out to assess the suitability of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal for various purposes and to assess the potential health risk associated with metal content. The results showed that the water quality of Bahr Yusuf was classified as poor and very poor for recreational use according to the Oregon WQI. On the other hand, the Aquatic Toxicity Index indicated the suitability of water for all fish species. The Canadian WQI and the Weighted Arithmetic WQI classified the canal water as good (WQI = 92), fair (WQI = 73) & marginal (WQI = 64) and excellent, poor to good & good to excellent for irrigation, drinking and aquatic life, respectively. Despite the significant contamination of water with heavy metals (as indicated by the Heavy Pollution Index, ranging from 104.44 to 206.32, from 16.81 to 38.48 and from 219.07 to 472.24 μg l−1), the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Hazard Index (HI) data indicate that water of Bahr Yusuf does not pose a human health risk through ingestion or dermal contact. In general, the study showed that water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal is characterized by different levels of pollution, which requires rapid and critical intervention by responsible authorities to prevent the discharge of different types of waste and further deterioration of the water quality during the lifetime of the channel and its subsequent rehabilitation.

12

Assessment of the Health Risk Related to Air Pollution in Selected Polish Health Resorts

Sówka Izabela, Kobus Dominik, Skotak Krzysztof, Zathey Maciej, Merenda Beata, Paciorek Małgorzata

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 10

132--145

EN

The article discusses the tools used for air quality management in the health resorts in Poland including legal instruments, documents and activities at the regional and local level with an example of formal and legal activities, such as the so-called anti-smog resolution to limit the emission of air pollutants from the municipal and housing sectors and thus minimize the risk related to air pollution. The issue of pollution emission resulting from the spatial conditions, including spatial planning, was also indicated. The analysis of the results pertaining to the PM10 measurements from 2017–2018 available for the resorts in Lower Silesia with reference to selected resorts in other regions of Poland and the health risk assessment according to the concentration-response functions for the PM-based on longand short-term relative risk estimates derived from epidemiological studies were conducted. The exposure assessment was based on the available mathematical modelling results for the PM10 and PM2.5 concentration distributions, which was performed using the CALPUFF model for 2017. In the case of average risk indicators, the obtained values indicated that the values (for all the stays and areas of all zones (total A, B and C) peaked for the Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój health resort (over 1.1% per annum) and were lowest for Czerniawa and Świeradów-Zdrój (about 0.7%). The highest relative risk indicators in 2017 were observed for cardiovascular diseases for the first two stays in January / February (for the Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój health resort – over 5%) and for both December stays (over 2.5%). In other health resorts, the risk indicators were significantly lower. The lowest health risk indicators were observed in July, regardless of the location of the health resort and the analysed health effect (rarely exceeding 0.3%). The scale of risk in this case was much higher compared to the short-term risk.

13

Clustering and Classification based real time analysis of health monitoring and risk assessment in Wireless Body Sensor Networks

Alameen Abdalla, Gupta Ashu

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2019

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Vol. 15, no. 4

art. no. 20190016

EN

Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) play a vital role in monitoring the health conditions of patients and are a low-cost solution for dealing with several healthcare applications. However, processing a large amount of data and making feasible decisions in emergency cases are the major challenges attributed to WBSNs. Thus, this paper addresses these challenges by designing a deep learning approach for health risk assessment by proposing fractional cat based salp swarm algorithm (FCSSA). At first, the WBSN nodes are utilized for sensing data from patient health records to acquire certain parameters for making the assessment. Based on the obtained parameters, WBSN nodes transmit the data to the target node. Here, the hybrid harmony search algorithm and particle swarm optimization (hybrid HSA-PSO) is used for determining the optimal cluster head. Then, the results produced by the hybrid HSA-PSO are given to the target node, in which the deep belief network (DBN) is used for classifying the health records for the health risk assessment. Here, the DBN is trained using the proposed FCSSA, which is developed by integrating fractional cat swarm optimization (FCSO) and salp swarm algorithm (SSA) for initiating the classification. The proposed FCSSA-based DBN shows better performance using metrics, namely accuracy, energy, and throughput with values 94.604, 0.145, and 0.058, respectively.

14

Assessment of inhalational exposure of residents of Wroclaw, Krakow and Warszawa to benzo[a]pyrene

Pachurka Łukasz, Gruszecka-Kosowska Agnieszka, Kobus Dominik, Sówka Izabela

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 1

39--49

EN

Burning of fossil fuels and biomass, transport and industry are the main sources of PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in the atmosphere. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is also a compound identified in cigarette smoke. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has qualified benzo[a]pyrene for compounds with proven carcinogenic effects on humans. The target value for benzo[a]pyrene, taking into account health protection purposes, is defined in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment on the levels of certain substances in the air and it is annual average concentration 1 ng/m3. The aim of the study was to carry out a cancer risk assessment for residents of Wroclaw, Krakow and Warszawa related to inhalation exposure to benzo[a]pyrene in ambient air. The methodology employed by the American Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) was used in the study. The lifetime exposure of adults and children was assumed. The results of measurements carried out at the air monitoring stations under the State Environmental Monitoring by the Regional Inspectorates for Environmental Protection (RIEP) in Wroclaw, Krakow and Warszawa in the years 2014–2016 were used. The average concentration of BaP in the years 2014–2016 was 3.84, 6.31 and 2.19 ng/m3 for Wroclaw, Krakow and Warszawa respectively. The calculations show that the highest risk of cancer was obtained for the inhabitants of Krakow: 1.54 ∙ 10-5 children, 7.52 ∙ 10-6 women, 6.30 ∙ 10-6 men. The estimated cancer risk was higher for Krakow residents than for Wroclaw (1.01 ∙ 10-5 children, 4.94 ∙ 10-6 women, 3.82 ∙ 10-6 men) and Warszawa, where these indicators were the lowest (children: 5.34 ∙ 10-6, women: 2.61 ∙ 10-6, men: 2.19 ∙ 10-6). Children are the group most exposed to the risk of cancer associated with BaP in the air among the examined subpopulations.

PL

Źródłami WWA (wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne) do atmosfery są m.in. transport, przemysł oraz spalanie paliw kopalnych. Benzo[a]piren jest także związkiem identyfikowanym w dymie papierosowym. Międzynarodowa Agencja Badań nad Rakiem (IARC) zakwalifikowała benzo[a]piren do związków o udowodnionym działaniu rakotwórczym na człowieka. Dopuszczalne stężenie benzo[a]piren ze względu na ochronę zdrowia określono w Rozporządzeniu Ministra Środowiska w sprawie poziomów niektórych substancji w powietrzu i wynosi ono 1 ng/m3. Celem pracy było przeprowadzenie oceny ryzyka nowotworowego dla mieszkańców Wrocławia, Krakowa i Warszawy związanego z narażeniem inhalacyjnym na benzo[a]piren w powietrzu atmosferycznym. W pracy zastosowano metodykę Amerykańskiej Agencji Ochrony Środowiska (US EPA). W badaniach założono narażenie całożyciowe osoby dorosłej oraz dziecka. W pracy wykorzystano wyniki pomiarów przeprowadzanych w ramach Państwowego Monitoringu Środowiska przez Wojewódzkie Inspektoraty Ochrony Środowiska (WIOŚ) we Wrocławiu, Krakowie oraz w Warszawie w latach 2014–2016. Średnia wartość stężenia B[a]P w latach 2014–2016 wyniosła dla Wrocławia, Krakowa i Warszawy odpowiednio: 3,84, 6,31 i 2,19 ng/m3. Z przeprowadzonych obliczeń wynika, iż najwyższą wartość ryzyka nowotworowego otrzymano dla mieszkańców Krakowa: dzieci: 1,54 ∙ 10-5, kobiety: 7,52 ∙ 10-6, mężczyżni: 6,30 ∙ 10-6. Wyznaczone wartości ryzyka nowotworowego były wyższe dla mieszkańców Krakowa niż Wrocławia (dzieci: 1,01 ∙ 10-5, kobiety: 4,94 ∙ 10-6, mężczyżni: 3,82 ∙ 10-6) i Warszawy, gdzie wyznaczone wartości ryzyka były niższe (dzieci: 5,34 ∙ 10-6, kobiety: 2,61 ∙ 10-6, mężczyżni: 2,19 ∙ 10-6). Wśród badanych populacji najbardziej narażone na ryzyko nowotworowe związane z obecnością B[a]P w powietrzu są dzieci.

15

What is at risk? – an environmental health risk assessment related with pharmaceutical substances in drinking water

Czernych R., Wrotkowska M., Muszyńska A., Wolska L., Zagożdżon P.

Challenges of Modern Technology

|

2016

|

Vol. 7, no. 2

14--20

EN

Constantly increasing rate of drugs’ consumption can be related with environmental abundance of drug substances and their degradation products. Unused and used drugs are often discharged into municipal wastewaters or landfills. Wastewater treatment plants are not able to remove the entire load of drugs. Especially those which occur occasionally or at very low concentrations. Therefore, a variety of pharmaceuticals occur in surface and drinking water sources. A chronic low-level exposure to drugs occurring in a water environment can cause: antibiotic resistance, allergic reactions (eg. Penicillin), cause carcinogenesis (oxytetracycline, furazolidone), nephropathy (gentamicin) and have a negative impact on the natural human intestinal microflora. Therefore, it is not an easy task to assess a common human health effects related with chronic exposure to low doses of active pharmaceutical substances. Nonetheless, such knowledge seems essential in order to undertake preventive actions that would substantially decrease the level of health risk.

16

Human health risk assessment of uranium in drinking water sampled from drilled wells located in rural areas of the Lower Silesian region (Poland)

Garboś S., Święcicka D.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 2

21--27

EN

Uranium concentrations in groundwater taken from private drilled wells have been never determined in Poland, implying a lack of available data to quantify the human exposure to U through drinking water consumption, especially in rural areas influenced by mining activities. The main aim of the study was the assessment of human health risk related to the consumption of well waters containing U, collected from selected rural areas of the Lower Silesian region (Poland). The random daytime (RDT) sampling method was applied to the collection of well waters from three control study areas (CSA): Mniszków (CSA-A), Stara Kamienica/M. Kamienica/Kopaniec (CSA-B) and Kletno (CSA-C). The analyses of RDT samples were performed by validated method based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Uranium concentration ranges in well waters and the estimated geometric means for individual control study areas were: 0.005-1.03 μg/L and 0.052 μg/L (CSA-A), 0.027-10.6 μg/L and 0.40 μg/L (CSA-B), and 0.006-27.1 μg/L and 0.38 μg/L (CSA-C). The average and individual chronic daily intakes (CDI) of U by drinking water pathway (adults/children) were in the ranges of: 0.0017-0.013/0.0052-0.040 μg · kg-1 · day-1 and 0.0002-0.90/0.0005-2.71 μg · kg-1 · day-1. The average %TDI and ranges of individual %TDI (adults/children) were: 0.17%/0.52% and 0.02-3.4%/0.05-10.3% (CSA-A), 1.3%/4.0% and 0.09-35%/0.27-106% (CSA-B), and 1.3%/3.8% and 0.02-90%/0.06-271% (CSA-C). The estimated average CDI values of U through well water are significantly lower than the TDI (1 μg · kg-1 · day-1), while for individual CDI values the contribution to the TDI can reach even 90% (adults) and 271% (children), indicating essential human health risk for children consuming well water from private drilled wells located in CSA-B and CSA-C (5.3% of total number of samples collected).

PL

Stężenia uranu w wodach gruntowych pobieranych z prywatnych studni wierconych nie były dotąd badane w Polsce. W związku z tym, brak jest jakichkolwiek danych pozwalających na określenie narażenia ludzi na uran, związanego z konsumpcją wody przeznaczonej do spożycia, w szczególności na obszarach wiejskich, na terenach których prowadzono działalność górniczą. Głównym celem niniejszej pracy była ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego związanego z konsumpcją wód studziennych zawierających uran, pobieranych z wytypowanych obszarów wiejskich Dolnego Śląska (Polska). Do pobierania próbek wód studziennych z trzech obszarów badań kontrolnych (CSA): Mniszków (CSA-A), Stara Kamienica/M. Kamienica/Kopaniec (CSA-B) i Kletno (CSA-C), została zastosowana metoda RDT (ang.: Random DayTime). Analizy próbek RDT przeprowadzono za pomocą zwalidowanej metody opartej na spektrometrii mas z jonizacją w plazmie indukcyjnie sprzężonej (ICP-MS). Zakresy stężeń uranu w wodach studziennych i wyznaczone średnie geometryczne stężenia U w przypadkach poszczególnych obszarów wynosiły: 0,005-1,03 μg/L i 0,052 μg/L (CSA-A), 0,027-10,6 μg/L i 0,40 μg/L (CSA-B) oraz 0,006-27,1 μg/L i 0,38 μg/L (CSA-C). Średnie i indywidualne chroniczne dzienne pobrania (CDI, ang. Chronic Daily Intake) uranu związane z konsumpcją wody przeznaczonej do spożycia (dorośli/dzieci) zawarte były odpowiednio w zakresach: 0,0017-0,013/0,0052-0,040 μg · kg-1 · dzień-1 i 0,0002-0,90/0,0005-2,71 μg · kg-1 · dzień-1. Wyznaczone średnie i zakresy indywidualnych procentowych udziałów wartości CDI w tolerowanym dziennym pobraniu (TDI=1 μg · kg-1 · dzień-1, ang. Tolerable Daily Intake) (dorośli/dzieci) wynosiły: 0,17%/0,52% i 0,02-3,4%/0,05-10,3% (CSA-A), 1,3%/4,0% i 0,09-35%/0,27-106% (CSA-B) oraz 1,3%/3,8% i 0,02-90%/0,06-271% (CSA-C). Wyznaczone średnie wartości CDI uranu są znacząco niższe od ustalonej wartości TDI, podczas gdy w przypadkach indywidualnych wartości CDI ich udział w TDI może osiągać nawet 90% (dorośli) i 271% (dzieci), implikując istotne zagrożenie zdrowia dzieci spożywających wodę z prywatnych studni wierconych na obszarach CSA-B i CSA-C (5,3% całkowitej ilości pobranych próbek).