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1

Ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego związanego z narażeniem na metale obecne w osadach dennych

Tytła Malwina

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2024

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nr 1

41--46

PL

Osady denne to integralny element wszystkich ekosystemów wodnych. Stanowią one miejsce, w którym kumulowane są różne zanieczyszczenia, w tym także te potencjalnie toksyczne, jak metale. Zanieczyszczenia te mogą być unieruchamiane w osadach dennych jezior, cieków czy też zbiorników wodnych na długi czas. Stan ten może przyczyniać się do negatywnego oddziaływania tych pierwiastków zarówno w wymiarze ekologicznym, jak i zdrowotnym. Dlatego też, poza systematycznym monitorowaniem zawartości metali w osadach dennych, konieczne jest również przeprowadzanie oceny ryzyka zdrowotnego, związanego z obecnością tych pierwiastków.

EN

Bottom sediments are an integral element of all aquatic ecosystems. They are places where various pollutants, including potentially toxic ones, such as metals, are accumulated. These pollutants can be immobilised in the bottom sediments of lakes, streams, or water reservoirs for a long time. This condition may contribute to the negative impact of these elements, both in ecological and health aspect. Therefore, in addition to systematic monitoring of metal content in bottom sediments, it is also necessary to assess health risks associated with the presence of these elements.

2

Contribution of mine water and uranium ore rocks to the 222Rn-induced radiation dose received by the mine workers in a low-ore grade underground uranium mine, India

Beg Imran Athar, Sahu Patitapaban

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2024

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

177--184

EN

More than 50% of the radiation dose received by underground mine workers is mainly due to the inhalation of radon (222Rn) gas and its decay products in an underground mine working space. Monitoring and controlling of 222Rn exhalation in the underground mine working play a vital role in minimizing the radiation risk hazards to the mine workers. This study discusses the contribution of mine water and uranium ore to 222Rn activity concentration in mine air and its health risk assessment. The annual effective radiation dose (ERn) due to inhalation of 222Rn for mine workers is estimated at 0.10 mSv/y. Furthermore, the estimated excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and radon-induced lung cancer per million per person (RnLCC) is found to be 0.3 x 10-3 and 0.002 x 10-6. The estimated results of ERn and RnLCC due to the inhalation of 222Rn are well within the prescribed limits of the international regulatory agencies.

3

Heavy Metals – Definition, Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Releasing into Ecosystems, Toxicity, and Removal Methods – An Overview Study

Jadaa Waleed, Mohammed Hamad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

249--271

EN

The constant discharge of large quantities of toxic substances due to human activities has led to a global environmental issue. Numerous industrial sectors’ effluents, which include coal-based power plants, mineral extraction activities, electroplating processes, as well as battery manufacturing, release metallic ions towards different ecosystems, such as Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), and Chromium (Cr). Heavy metals pose a significant danger to living organisms, humans, and environments because of their properties, mainly severe toxicity, and strong accumulation ability. Metallic ions are not subject to breakdown towards final components when contrasted with organic contaminants, which are significantly impacted by biochemical and chemical decomposition. Consequently, eliminating these elements has been regarded as a significant task within the water treatment sector. The purpose of this article is to analyze the literature related to heavy metals in terms of different issues. The heavy metals expression is explained. The natural sources and human activities responsible for releasing metallic ions into the environment are comprehensively discussed. In addition, heavy metals toxicity and potential risks to humans and different ecosystems are included. Various approaches for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater, along with their associated advantages and drawbacks, are further evaluated.

4

Assessment of Heavy Metal Inhalation Risks in Urban Environments in Poland: A Case Study

Majewski Grzegorz, Klik Barbara, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja, Rybak Justyna, Radziemska Maja, Liniauskienė Ernesta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

330--340

EN

In recent years, heightened air pollution characterized by elevated levels of particulate matter and potentially toxic metals has become a prominent concern, particularly in densely populated urban areas, which may pose a threat to the health of the population. The present study aims to conduct a comprehensive health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via inhalation, with a focus on submicron particles (PM1), in two major cities of Poland - Warsaw and Zabrze. These cities were selected due to their distinct levels of urbanization and industrialization. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks assessment was performed for children and adults. The carcinogenic risk was evaluated for As, Cd, Cr(VI), Ni, Pb, and Co, classified as carcinogens, the non-carcinogenic risk evaluation encompassed a broader range of metals, including V, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mg, aiming to comprehensively understand health exposure. The results highlight elevated carcinogenic risk in Zabrze, primarily linked to industrial activities and ongoing emissions. Notably, Ni, As, and Cr(VI) exceed safe limits, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. Moreover, non-carcinogenic risks reveal Zabrze’s heightened respiratory health risks, compared to Warsaw. Despite Warsaw’s lower non-carcinogenic risk values, both cities recorded Ni and Mg concentrations exceeding safe limits. This indicates that Zabrze faces higher health risks from heavy metal exposure due to ongoing pollution sources. In contrast, Warsaw, the capital city and a major urban centre, demonstrates better air quality but still requires continuous monitoring and pollution control measures.

5

Evaluation of the Concentration and Health Risks of Phosphates and Nitrates of a High Andean River

Sáez-Huamán Wilfredo, Contreras-Lopez Eliana, Portuguez-Maurtua Marcelo, Sánchez-Araujo Víctor, Palomino-Pastrana Pedro, Escobar-Soldevilla Mabel, Inostroza-Ruiz Luis Alberto, Llahuilla Quea Jose Antonio

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

249--258

EN

In developing countries, river monitoring is very limited. Despite environmental and health problems, there is a paucity of information regarding the contaminants phosphates and nitrates. Thus, concentration and health risks, of phosphates and nitrates of the Ichu river waters, in Huancavelica, Peru, were evaluated. Sampling was carried out at six different points. Important water quality parameters were analyzed, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and electric conductivity (EC). The results revealed that the phosphate and nitrate varied between 0.475 to 0.575 mg/L and 11.10 to 14.00 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of phosphates and nitrates was 0.520±0.02 mg/L and 13.10±0.48, respectively. The Ichu River water had the quality that corresponded to its category, when compared to the permitted limits of the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for water. It did not present contamination according to the nutrient contamination index and the health risk was from chronic low intake. Besides, it presented a moderate relationship between nitrate and phosphate, due to the low concentration of phosphates during the dry season. What is new about this research is the approach to potential health risks of exposure to nitrates and phosphates, in a high Andean river in Huancavelica, Peru.

6

Metale ciężkie w osadach ściekowych a ryzyko zdrowotne

Tytła Malwina

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

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nr 4

44--49

PL

Obecność metali ciężkich w wodach ściekowych może stanowić ograniczenie w stosowaniu ich do celów przyrodniczych. Dzieje się tak dlatego, że zawartość metali ciężkich jest jednym z głównych kryteriów ograniczających wykorzystanie osadów ściekowych do kondycjonowania i nawożenia gleb, jak również do rekultywacji i rewitalizacji terenów zdegradowanych w wyniku działalności człowieka. Należy również nadmienić, że procesy stosowane w oczyszczalniach ścieków nie gwarantują usuwania metali ciężkich, a jedynie sprawiają, że zanieczyszczenia te kumulują się w osadach ściekowych. Ze względu na fakt, że osady ściekowe stanowią cenne źródło materii organicznej oraz azotu, fosforu i potasu, niezbędnych do prawidłowego wzrostu roślin oraz poprawiających właściwości fizykochemiczne gleby, z powodzeniem stosowane są one w celach przyrodniczych. Jednakże należy pamiętać, że obecność metali ciężkich w osadach ściekowych wiąże się również z potencjalnym zagrożeniem, zarówno w aspekcie ekologicznym (wtórne zanieczyszczenie środowiska wodno-gruntowego), jak i zdrowotnym (toksyczne oddziaływanie na ludzi poprzez różne drogi wchłaniania). Biorąc pod uwagę możliwe zdrowotne skutki narażenia na toksyczne działanie metali ciężkich, zagadnienie to ma znaczenie priorytetowe.

EN

The presence of heavy metals in sewage sludge may limit their use for natural purposes. This is because the content of heavy metals is one of the main criteria limiting the use of sewage sludge for soil conditioning and fertilization, as well as for the reclamation and revitalization of areas degraded by human activity. It should also be mentioned that the processes used in wastewater treatment plants do not guarantee the removal of heavy metals, but only make these pollutants accumulate In the sewage sludge. Due to the fact that sewage sludge is a valuable source of organic matter as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are necessary for the proper growth of plants and improving the physicochemical properties of soil, they are successfully used for natural purposes. However, it should be remembered that the presence of heavy metals in sewage sludge is also associated with a potential threat, both in terms of ecology (secondary pollution of the water-soil environment) and human health (toxic effects on humans through various paths). Considering the possible health consequences of exposure to the toxic effects of heavy metals, this is priority issue.

7

Method of Assessing the Potential Risk to the Health of the Population During Recreational Water Withdrawal

Rybalova Olha, Malovanyy Myroslav, Bondarenko Оlexander, Proskurnin Oleg, Belokon Karina, Korobkova Hanna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

81--91

EN

The use of polluted water bodies for recreation poses a risk of infectious diseases. This fact necessitates taking into account bacteriological indicators to determine the danger of recreational water use. The aim of the article was to develop a new method for assessing the potential risk to population health during recreational water use. A new method for assessing the potential risk to population health during recreational water use has been proposed, which combines the identification of potential risk according to chemical and bacteriological indicators. A new classification of water hazard levels according to the values of risk to population health has been developed. The value of the potential risk to the population health during the recreational use of 6 beaches in the urbanized territories of the city of Kharkiv and its suburbs (Ukraine) was obtained. It was established that bacteriological contamination has the probability of a very large impact on public health (hazard class 5). To compare the methods of assessing the risk to population health during recreational water use, the hazard index (NI) was determined according to the chemical indicators of the quality of water bodies in the city of Kharkiv. The use of the assessment of the potential risk to population health for the environmental regulation of the discharge of pollutants into a water body with wastewater is justified.

8

Assessment of Occurrence, Ecological and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil in the Hau Giang Province, Vietnam

Hong Tran Thi Kim, Dan Truong Hoang, Giao Nguyen Thanh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

61--71

EN

The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of some heavy metals in agricultural soil in the Hau Giang province, Vietnam. The geographical accumulation index (Igeo), pollutant load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (RI) are used to assess the pollution levels and potential ecological risks due to the presence of heavy metals in agricultural soil. The results showed that the mean concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the soil ranged from 16.25–40.32, 18.05–29.92 and 52.78–147.22 mg/kg, respectively, within the limits of QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT. Cluster analysis showed that Pb originated from the process of using fertilizers, especially phosphate fertilizers in farming. Cu and Zn possibly share a common origin from the use of pesticides and fungicides in agricultural production. The Igeo value of Cu, Pb and Zn gradually increases in the order of Cu < Zn < Pb. The PLI (1.03–1.97) reflected that the soil in the study area is moderately polluted. The RI (14.80–25.33) represented a low potential ecological risk. In particular, position D3 had the highest level of pollution and risk among the study sites. Pb had the highest level of accumulation in soil with the highest single ecological risk factor; thus, measures should be taken to limit the source of Pb generation. The results of the study also indicated that ingestion route is the main exposure pathway by which heavy metals can be harmful to humans.

9

A Model-Based Approach to Risk Evaluation and the Assessment of Protection Provided by Water Intake and Treatment Systems

Wysowska Ewa, Kicińska Alicja

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

284--298

EN

This study presents an assessment of the protection provided by water intake and treatment systems against potential health risk to water consumers. To perform the assessment a case study was conducted involving modelling and risk assessment based on scenarios of decreasing water quality at the intakes (i.e. emergency situations). The study sites were two continuously operating water treatment plants in Southern Poland (CEE). The study material were the results of tests conducted in the years 2012–2019 on samples of water taken directly at the intakes and samples of treated water. The samples were used to determine the concentration of selected metals (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn), organic pollutants (benzo(a)pyrene, benzene, acrylamide, epichlorohydrin, vinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane) and bacteriological pollutants (Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecali and Clostridium perfringens). The non-carcinogenic (HI) and carcinogenic (CR) hazard indexes were estimated based on the quality of water at the intake using linear regression models. The risk values obtained were compared with permissible values specified in the US EPA methodology. It was demonstrated that the concentrations of the xenobiotics analysed in treated water would have to increase 11 times in the case of adults and 29 times in the case of children before the risk level related to drinking water exceeded permissible values. In the least favourable exposure scenario modelled, assuming the presence of organic xenobiotics in potable water, the total HI amounts to only 10% of the permissible value in adults and 1.5% in children. The total CR calculated for the 3-times lower water quality did not exceed permissible values, which proves that the water treatment systems are safe.

10

Groundwater Quality Assessment for Human Drinking in Rural Areas, Al-Hoceima Province (Northern Morocco)

Mchiouer Fatiha, Boughrous Ali Ait, El Ouarghi Hossain

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 3

138--147

EN

The aim of this study is to assess the quality of water for drinking in the rural area of the city of Al-Hoceima, in order to measure the health risks to which people who use it for their needs are exposed. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was carried out on 60 households selected randomly. Well and spring water samples (8 wells and 8 springs) were collected in November and December 2019 and analyzed according to the standard methods of water analysis. The survey indicated that water consumed by 80.00% of households does not receive any prior treatment. With the lack of a collective excreta and wastewater management system in the municipality, 99.00% of households have latrines, 50.00% of which are installed within 15meters of the water source. The bacteriological analyses indicate that all the sampled points are contaminated by fecal contamination germs. This poor quality may be due to various anthropogenic activities, and the presence of non-standardized septic tanks. Therefore, protecting and improving water sources must be accompanied by adequate measures of disinfection of these waters before their use.

11

Managing the dust degree – related risks in Valea Jiului collieries: a synthesis

Burdea Florin-Ionel, Moraru Roland-Iosif

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2021

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Vol. 3, nr 1

139--151

EN

The paper aims to make a synthesis regarding the risks associated with the presence of industrial dust in the underground atmosphere of the coal mines. Thus, in the first part of it are presented relevant aspects regarding the health risk associated with the exposure to silica dust, as well as the flammability and explosiveness of the coal dust, in correlation with the mechanism of the explosion. The second part is dedicated to identifying and substantiating measures to combat the explosiveness of coal dust. In presenting the mentioned measures, the emphasis is placed on highlighting the scope and the specific advantages and disadvantages of each measure, with particular emphasis on the possibilities offered by the use of less employed techniques in mining operations in the Jiu Valley, such as it is, for example, the treatment of mining works with hygroscopic substances. The purpose of the authors is to offer the experts in the field of management of occupational safety and health in the mining industry an overview, in conjunction with specific information elements that facilitate the decision-making processes regarding the minimization of the hazards associated with the degree of coal dustiness in the Jiu Valley collieries.

12

Identification of health risks from harmful chemical agents - review concerning bisphenol A in workplace

Kapustka Katarzyna, Ziegmann Gerhard, Klimecka-Tatar Dorota, Ostrega Mateusz

Production Engineering Archives

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2020

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Vol. 26, Iss. 2

45--49

EN

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical used as an additive in conventional point-of-sale thermal paper receipts, in the production of many polycarbonate plastics, and epoxy resins lignin for food. BPA is xenoestrogen, a foreign compound that is not naturally produced in living organisms, but which acts similarly to natural 17-ß estradiol (natural estrogen). Due to its weak estrogenic activities, BPA exposure may influence multiple endocrine-related pathway, and is associated with prostate and breast cancer, neurobehavioral deficits, heart disease, and obesity. Furthermore, BPA may act as a DNA methylation agent and cause altered gene expression in the brain. Human exposure to bisphenol A is a matter of controversy. This review shows a potential risks in workplace resulting from contact with bisphenol A. The work presents the contribution of BPA exposure levels via dermal contact and the relationship between BPA exposure level and oxidative DNA damage.

13

Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa ludzi i mienia przy prowadzeniu robót rozbiórkowych

Żmuda-Czerwonka Wioletta

Materiały Budowlane

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2020

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nr 7

58--60

PL

Rozbiórki zwykle dotyczą obiektów starych, zagrażających bezpieczeństwu bądź zaniedbanych. Koszt renowacji budynku przewyższa niekiedy koszty wyburzenia lub jego demontażu. Prace tego typu wymagają zarówno odpowiednich pozwoleń, jak i umiejętności oraz specjalistycznego przygotowania czy wyposażenia pracowników. Nie wszystko może wykonać maszyna, ale też nie każde miejsce jest w pełni bezpieczne dla człowieka. Metody, które wykorzystywane są w pracach rozbiórkowych, można dostosowywać do stanu obiektu przeznaczonego na rozbiórkę.

EN

What is usually demolished are old or neglected structures, which can be dangerous. Sometimes, it can cost more to renovate the building than to demolish it or strip it out. Such work requires both special permits and skills, and specialist qualifications and equipment. Not everything can be done by machines, and not all places are completely safe for people. Demolition methods can be adjusted to the condition of the building to be demolished.

14

Uwalnianie ftalanów do środowiska i związane z tym zagrożenia zdrowotne

Chmielewski Jarosław, Rutkowski Arkadiusz, Wójtowicz Bożena, Żeber-Dzikowska Ilona, Szpringer Monika, Czarny-Działak Małgorzata, Gworek Barbara, Florek-Łuszczki Magdalena, Dziechciaż Małgorzata

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 1

41--45

PL

Sole i estry kwasu ftalowego (ftalany) są powszechnie stosowane do produkcji tworzyw sztucznych oraz jako rozpuszczalniki w środkach higieny, w kosmetykach i preparatach farmaceutycznych. Substancje te uwalniają się z produktów, w których są obecne, przyczyniając się w ten sposób do zanieczyszczenia środowiska naturalnego, stanowiąc realne zagrożenie dla zdrowia człowieka. Ftalany mogą uwalniać się z tworzyw sztucznych do powietrza, kurzu, wody, gleby, ścieków i osadów ściekowych, prowadząc tym samym do ekspozycji ludzi na toksyczny efekt działania tych substancji. Estry kwasu ftalowego wprowadzone do ustroju bezpośrednio wpływają na jego równowagę hormonalną oraz na układ nerwowy i immunologiczny. Mogą powodować zaburzenia funkcjonowania układu rozrodczego (m.in. poprzez zwiększenie ryzyka bezpłodności lub działania teratogennego), powodować destrukcję tkanki nerwowej, jak też powodować różnego rodzaju reakcje alergiczne. Dokonano analizy występowania ftalanów w produktach codziennego użytku oraz określono możliwości ich toksycznego oddziaływania na organizm człowieka.

EN

A review, with 53 refs., of phthalate sources in environment and health risks for children, workers and adults.

15

Monitoring of Indoor Ultrafine Particulate Matter at the Sites of the Czech Armed Forces

Kellnerova Eva, Vecera Zbynek, Kellner Josef, Zeman Tomas

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2019

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R. 21, nr 1

163--167

EN

Ultrafine particles and nanoparticles in the air are evaluated as a risk factor for the development of respiratory and other health symptoms due to their inhalation from the ambient air. The Czech Army professionals are expected to have frequent presence in a polluted environment and regular exposure to air with increased concentration of airborne pollutants. The report evaluates the presence of ultra-fine particles (in the range of about 7.6–299.6 nm) in rooms often used by soldiers during their working hours when they are not deployed. The purpose is to assess whether the presence of troops in these workplaces is safe and does not pose a risk of adverse health effects in itself. Testing took place in three military rooms (classroom 1, classroom 2 and exercise flight simulator room). Seven samples of air were analysed in time by the scanning mobility particle sizer in succession. Mean particle concentrations were found at 1.79×104, 7.53×103 and 8.39×103 N·cm-3 for the classroom 1, classroom 2 and exercise flight simulator room. Conclusions of the research have shown that particle concentrations in the places of the Czech Army can reach values that border the immission limits stated by the World Health Organisation.

PL

Najdrobniejsze cząstki i nanocząsteczki w powietrzu są oceniane jako czynnik ryzyka dla dróg oddechowych i innych objawów zdrowotnych spowodowanych ich wdychaniem z otaczającego powietrza. Oczekuje się, że specjaliści z czeskiej armii będą często obecni w zanieczyszczonym środowisku i będą regularnie narażeni na kontakt z powietrzem o zwiększonej koncentracji zanieczyszczeń. Raport ocenia obecność ultradrobnych cząstek (w zakresie około 7,6–299,6 nm) w pomieszczeniach często używanych przez żołnierzy w godzinach pracy. Celem jest ocena, czy obecność wojsk w tych miejscach pracy jest bezpieczna i sama w sobie nie stwarza ryzyka negatywnych skutków zdrowotnych. Testowanie odbyło się w trzech pomieszczeniach wojskowych (sala 1, sala 2 i sala do ćwiczeń). Siedem próbek powietrza analizowano w czasie przez separator cząstek. Stwierdzone średnie stężenia cząstek 1,79 × 104, 7,53 × 103 i 8,39 × 103 [N · cm-3] w sali lekcyjnej 1, klasie 2 i sali do ćwiczeń. Wnioski z badań wykazały, że stężenia cząstek w wybranych pomieszczeniach czeskiej armii mogą osiągnąć wartości graniczące z limitami imisji podanymi przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia.

16

Nitrate concentratio - related safety of drinking water from various sources intended for consumption by neonates and infants

Królak E., Raczuk J.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 1

3--9

EN

The aim of the paper is to compare nitrate concentrations in samples of supply water as well as water from deep and dug wells located in the eastern region of Poland. Additionally, samples of bottled water (spring and natural mineral), certified by the Institute of Mother and Child and the Children’s Memorial Health Institute, were subjected to analyses. On the basis of the obtained results, health risks related to the occurrence of methemoglobinemia in neonates and infants were evaluated. The risk analysis was performed according to the procedure recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Nitrate concentrations in the examined samples ranged from: 0.153–161.1 mg/l. The lowest concentration of nitrates was determined in the samples of bottled water, the highest being detected in the water from dug wells. It was found that nitrate concentration in samples of bottled and supply water did not pose any risk to the health of neonates and infants. The highest health risk related to methemoglobinemia occurs for neonates consuming water originating from dug wells. The risk decreases along with the age of an infant.

PL

Porównano stężenie azotanów w próbkach wody wodociągowej, ze studni głębinowych i kopanych zlokalizowanych na obszarze wschodniej Polski oraz w wody butelkowanej (źródlana i naturalna mineralna), posiadającej atest Instytutu Matki i Dziecka i Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników dokonano oceny ryzyka zdrowotnego, związanego z występowaniem methemoglobinemii u noworodków i niemowląt. Ocenę ryzyka wykonano zgodnie z procedurą rekomendowaną przez Amerykańska Agencję Ochrony Środowiska. Stężenie azotanów w badanych próbkach wody zmieniało się w zakresie: 0,153–161,1 mg/l. Najmniejsze stężenie azotanów oznaczono w próbkach wody butelkowanej, największe odnotowano w próbkach wody studziennej. Ustalono, że stężenie azotanów w próbkach wody butelkowanej i wodociągowej nie stanowi zagrożenia dla zdrowia noworodków i niemowląt. Największe ryzyko zdrowotne związane z narażeniem noworodków na methemoglobinemię może występować w przypadku spożycia wody ze studni kopanych. Zmniejsza się ono wraz z wiekiem niemowlęcia.

17

Ocena narażenia środowiskowego na Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni oraz Zn obecne w pyłach miejskich

Trojanowska M., Świetlik R.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2017

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nr 167 (47)

88--100

PL

W pracy dokonano oceny narażenia środowiskowego mieszkańców miast na metale ciężkie, obecne w pyłach miejskich. Badania skoncentrowano na całożyciowym narażeniu osoby dorosłej oraz dziecka na Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu i Zn. W ocenie ryzyka zdrowotnego uwzględniono narażenie drogą pokarmową, inhalacyjną i dermalną. Szacowanie zagrożeń przeprowadzono w oparciu o metodę zalecaną przez Amerykańską Agencję Ochrony Środowiska (US EPA). Wyznaczone wartości indeksów zagrożenia, charakteryzujących ryzyko zdrowotne wykazały, że największe zagrożenie występuje na skutek przypadkowego wprowadzania substancji toksycznych drogą pokarmową. W mniejszym stopniu o zagrożeniu decyduje wnikanie metali przez skórę człowieka, natomiast w najmniejszym wnikanie drogą inhalacyjną. Zgodnie z przyjętym scenariuszem narażenia mieszkańca bardziej zagrożoną populacją są dzieci, dla których uzyskano większe wartości indeksów zagrożenia.

EN

The paper assesses the environmental exposure of urban dwellers to heavy metals present in urban dusts. The research was focused on lifelong exposure of an adult and a child to chromium, lead, nickel, copper and zinc. The assessment of health hazard included exposure by digestion, inhalation and skin contact. The hazard estimation was carried out using a method recommended by the American Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The determined hazard index values characterizing a health risk have shown that the highest hazard results from accidental unintentional intake of toxic substances. Skin penetration by metals is much less hazardous, whereas inhalation is least hazardous. According to the accepted scenario of human exposure, children are most at risk compared to other populations considered. The hazard index values obtained for them were the highest.

18

Ryzyko środowiskowe i zdrowotne wynikające ze stosowania środków ochrony roślin

Nowak R., Włodarczyk-Makuła M., Mamzer E.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Zarządzania Ochroną Pracy w Katowicach

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2015

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Nr 1(11)

51--63

PL

Środki ochrony roślin, zwane powszechnie pestycydami, stanowią grupę preparatów stosowaną w rolnictwie, ogrodnictwie, leśnictwie, weterynarii, jak również wykorzystywanych do impregnacji materiałów tekstylnych i tworzyw sztucznych. Toksyczność pestycydów wynika z obecności składników biologicznie czynnych, emulgatorów, substancji pomocniczych i wypełniaczy mogących niekorzystnie wpływać na biocenozę środowiska. Dlatego też stosowanie pestycydów wiąże się z ryzykiem środowiskowym i zdrowotnym. W ocenie ryzyka wyróżnia się cztery główne elementy takie jak: identyfikacja ryzyka, ocena zależności dawka-odpowiedź, skala narażenia oraz ogólna charakterystyka ryzyka. Analiza i ocena ryzyka środowiskowego i zdrowotnego jest ważnym czynnikiem we wprowadzaniu preparatów pestycydowych do powszechnego stosowania, dlatego celem niniejszej pracy było przedstawienie aspektów ryzyka związanego ze stosowaniem pestycydów.

XX

Pesticides constitute the group of preparations using in farming, horticulture, forestry, veterinary science, as well as of textile materials used for the impregnation and plastics. The toxicity of pesticides, the presence of biologically active ingredients, emulsifiers, support substances and fillers circles can adversely affect the biocoenosis. Therefore applying pesticides is connected with an environmental risk and health risk. In the risk assessment four main elements are being singled out so as: the identification of the risk, the evaluation of the dose-response relationship, the scale of exposing and an overall description of the risk. Analysis and the evaluation of the environmental and health risk are the single most important factor in inserting pesticidal preparations into universal applying, therefore describing aspects of the connected risk was a purpose of this work with applying pesticides.

19

Workplace quality during the welding process

Wandzich D., Płaza G.

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2015

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z. 1 (10)

117--127

EN

The article presents the exposure to noise and dusts occurring during the welding process. The results of the measurements of industrial dust and noise at the welder’s workplace in the period 2012-2014 are presented. Health problems generated during the process are presented. In particular, the attention is paid how to improve the quality of the work during the welding process. Proactively proposing actions that will improve the quality of the work during the welding process are described.

PL

W artykule omówiono narażenia związane z hałasem i pyłem przemysłowym występujące podczas procesu spawania, a wpływające w istotny sposób na jakość pracy i zdrowie spawacza. W części doświadczalnej przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów pyłu przemysłowego oraz hałasu na stanowisku pracy spawacza w latach 2012-2014. Zaproponowano działania prewencyjnie, które poprawią jakość pracy podczas procesu spawania i ograniczą zagrożenia zdrowotne.

20

Zagrożenie promieniowaniem optycznym lamp LED

Marzec S.

Prace Instytutu Elektrotechniki

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2015

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Z. 268

117--122

PL

Przedstawiono doniesienia literaturowe oraz własne wyniki badań promieniowania optycznego lamp LED, na podstawie których oceniono stwarzane przez nie zagrożenie fotobiologiczne. Oceny dokonano w oparciu o normę PN-EN 62471 „Bezpieczeństwo lamp i systemów lampowych”. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że lampy LED na ogół są bezpieczne i nie stwarzają zagrożenia zdrowia, jednak niektóre źródła, zwłaszcza o wysokiej temperaturze barwowej mogą stwarzać niskie, a nawet umiarkowane zagrożenie oka światłem niebieskim. Lampy LED powinny być zakwalifikowane przez producenta do odpowiedniej grupy bezpieczeństwa i oznakowane zgodnie z normą PN-EN 62471. Stosowanie znaku bezpieczeństwa CE w odniesieniu do lamp powinno również uwzględniać bezpieczeństwo foto-biologiczne.

EN

In the paper, on the basis of literature reports and own researches of the optical radiation of LEDs, the photobiological risks were estimated. The evaluation was made on the basis of standard PN-EN 62471 “Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems ". The analysis shows that the LEDs are generally safe and do not pose health risks, but some sources, especially with a high colour temperature may cause low, and even moderate of blue-light hazard risk for the eye. LEDs should be certified by the manufacturer to the appropriate security groups and marked according to standard PN-EN 62471. The application of the CE safety mark for the lamps should also take into account the photobiological safety.