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Odpady niebezpieczne, praktyczne podejście do możliwości przeklasyfikowania odpadów na odpady inne niż niebezpieczne

Nowak Aleksandra

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

2022

Nr 5

33--36

Coraz więcej przedsiębiorców licząc koszty związane z gospodarowaniem odpadami zaczyna analizować rodzaje wytwarzanych odpadów i możliwość przeklasyfikowania odpadów niebezpiecznych na odpady inne niż niebezpieczne. Pojawia się pytanie, jak podejść do tematu? Czy każdemu odpadowi można zmienić kod odpadu? Jakie warunki należy spełnić przy zmianie klasyfikacji odpadów, aby była zgodna z przepisami prawnymi? Odpowiedzi na powyższe pytania udzielę w niniejszym artykule. Dodatkowo postaram się wskazać trudności związane z przygotowaniem odpowiedniego materiału, który jest podstawą do sporządzenia opinii w zakresie zmiany kodu odpadów z niebezpiecznych na odpady inne niż niebezpieczne odpadów, potocznie nazywanego "odgwiazdkowaniem".

More and more entrepreneurs, counting the costs related to waste management, are starting to analyze the types of waste generated and the possibility of reclassifying hazardous waste into non-hazardous waste. The question is how to approach the topic? Can the waste code be changed for each type of waste? What conditions must be met when reclassifying waste to make it compliant with the legal regulations? I will answer these questions in this article. In addition, | will try to point out the difficulties associated with the preparation of an appropriate material, which is the basis for drawing up an opinion on changing the code of waste from hazardous to non-hazardous waste, commonly referred to as "de-staging".

Effect of Coated Ammonium Dinitramide on the Properties of Nitrate-ester Plasticized Polyether Solid Rocket Propellants

Pang W. Q., Li J. Q., DeLuca L. T., Ke W., Fu X. L., Zhong F. X., Li H., Ji Y. P.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

2018

Vol. 15, no. 4

590--609

Several industrial and research types of nitrate-ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) solid propellants were experimentally analyzed. In general, their compositions differed in the mass fraction of ammonium dinitramide (ADN), which was used as a promising highly energetic filler, as an alternative to ammonium perchlorate (AP). ADN exhibits high performance, low signature and non-polluting characteristics. The propellant composition without ADN, but with AP, was used as the reference. The microstructure and granularity distribution of the uncoated and coated ADN particles were experimentally analyzed. It was found that uncoated ADN particles exhibited irregular shape, while the ADN particles after coating are spherical. Because of their irregular shape, uncoated ADN particles caused inferior processability of the propellant slurry when added to the propellant formulation. Consequently, the NEPE propellants with coated ADN were studied in further detail. The rheological properties, energetic properties, mechanical sensitivities and combustion properties (burning rate and pressure exponent) of the NEPE propellants with coated ADN were studied and compared with the reference NEPE propellant. The addition of ADN particles to the propellant formulations increased the standard theoretical specific impulse and heat of explosion of the propellants, while decreasing the density. The propellants containing ADN particles were much more sensitive to impact and friction compared to the reference sample. Moreover, increasing the ADN mass fraction in the propellant formulation can significantly affect the combustion behaviour and increase the burning rate and pressure exponent compared to of the reference formulation. However it appears that ADN is a very promising candidate as a new energetic material in compositions of NEPE propellants, although several important questions concerning ADN’s suitability, especially in the context of its sensitivity to friction and impact, remain to be answered.