This article describes a case study of an application of the method of creating innovations called SCAMPER for the development of new abrasive tools designed for machining of hard-to-cut materials. The SCAMPER method is used for innovative transformations of existing products, aimed at a modernization of their design, a construction and an extension of functions. This method was used in the procedure of modifying abrasive tools and it permitted a generation of a set of innovative solutions in this field. The methodology made it also possible to logically organize individual creative activities supported by the previously accumulated theoretical and experimental knowledge.
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Dokonano przeglądu parametrów – używanych przez badaczy w ośrodkach naukowych w Polsce i na świecie – dotyczących procesu szlifowania płaskich próbek wykonanych ze stopu tytanu. Porównano parametry nastawcze szlifierki oraz gatunki ziaren ściernych, powszechnie stosowane w obróbce ściernej materiałów trudno skrawalnych.
EN
In the article, an overview of parameters relating to the process of grinding flat samples made of titanium alloy, which are used by researchers in scientific centers in Poland and worldwide were presented. Setting of grinding parameters were compared as well as types of abrasive grains which are widely used in the grinding process of hard-to-cut materials.
W artykule dokonano szczegółowej analizy stanu ściernicy impregnowanej nowym typem impregnatu (węglem amorficznym) po procesie szlifowania prostoliniowo-zwrotnego walcowych powierzchni wewnętrznych wykonanych ze stopu Titanium Grade 2. W celu dokładnej identyfikacji śladów zużycia takiej ściernicy wywołanego szlifowaniem przeprowadzono analizy z użyciem elektronowej mikroskopii skaningowej (SEM – ang. Scanning Electron Microscopy) i spektroskopii dyspersji energii promieniowania rentgenowskiego (EDS – ang. Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). Podczas badań eksperymentalnych zastosowano nowoczesną aparaturę obserwacyjno-pomiarową, w której skład wchodziły dwa elektronowe mikroskopy skaningowe JSM-5500LV firmy JEOL Ltd., Japonia i stacja robocza Auriga CrossBeam firmy Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Niemcy oraz zaawansowany detektor EDS Octane plus firmy EDAX, Inc., USA. Przeprowadzone analizy SEM-EDS pozwoliły na określenie udziału procentowego oraz kształtu i rozmieszczenia zalepień będących skutkiem adhezji wiórów Ti do czynnej powierzchni ściernicy oraz określenie udziału na niej substancji impregnującej (węgla amorficznego) po procesie szlifowania.
EN
In this paper, a detailed analysis of the condition of the grinding wheel impregnated with a new type of impregnate (amorphous carbon) on the reciprocal internal cylindrical grinding process of Titanium Grade 2. In order to accurately identify of wear symptoms caused on the grinding wheel during grinding process, analyzes were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. During the experimental research modern instruments of observation and measurement were used: two scanning electron microscopes (JSM-5500LV by JEOL Ltd., Japan and workstation Auriga CrossBeam by Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Germany) as well as advanced EDS detector (Octane plus by EDAX, Inc., USA). Conducted SEM-EDS analysis made it possible to determine the percentage, the shape and arrangement of cloggings resulting from adhesion of Ti chips to the grinding wheel active surface and to determine the share of an amorphous carbon after the grinding.
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The following article describes the results of experimental works connected with the possibility of limiting the adhesion of grinding products to the grinding wheel active surface, as a result of introducing an impregnate, in the form of sulphur or allotropic carbon variants, into the grinding wheel volume. The methods of sulphurizing, as well as impregnation with graphite and amorphous carbon, were described. The results of experimental tests conducted in the internal cylindrical reciprocal grinding process in Titanium Grade 2® alloy, using impregnated grinding wheels, were presented and compared to the results of grinding with a non-impregnated grinding wheel. What was also determined was the influence of the type of impregnate on the grinding wheel active surface stereometric features after the grinding process, especially the degree to which smearing with machined material chips occurred. Moreover, the influence of impregnation on the machined surface roughness was also estimated. The results of the conducted experiments indicate that application of the impregnate, in the form of graphite, allowed for a 10-fold reduction in the number of smeared areas in comparison with the non-impregnated grinding wheel.
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