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1

An Overview of Mobility Management Mechanisms and the Related Challenges in 5G Networks and Beyond

Alkalsh Mustafa Mohammed Hasan

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

|

2023

|

nr 2

53--62

EN

Ensuring a seamless connection with various types of mobile user equipment (UE) items is one of the more signiﬁcant challenges facing diﬀerent generations of wireless systems. However, enabling the high-band spectrum – such as the millimeter wave (mmWave) band – is also one of the important factors of 5G networks, as it enables them to deal with increasing demand and ensures high coverage. Therefore, the deployment of new (small) cells with a short range and operating within the mmWave band is required in order to assist the macro cells which are responsible for operating long-range radio connections. The deployment of small cells results in a new network structure, known as heterogeneous networks (HetNets). As a result, the number of passthrough cells using the handover (HO) process will be dramatically increased. Mobility management (MM) in such a massive network will become crucial, especially when it comes to mobile users traveling at very high speeds. Current MM solutions will be ineﬀective, as they will not be able to provide the required reliability, ﬂexibility, and scalability.Thus, smart algorithms and techniques are required in future networks. Also, machine learning (ML) techniques are perfectly capable of supporting the latest 5G technologies that are expected to deliver high data rates to upcoming use cases and services, such as massive machine type communications (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (uRLLC). This paper aims to review the MM approaches used in 5G HetNets and describes the deployment of AI mechanisms and techniques in ″connected mode″ MM schemes. Furthermore, this paper addresses the related challenges and suggests potential solutions for 5G networks and beyond.

2

Novel anchor-selection scheme for distributed mobility management

Davaasambuu Battulga, Telmuun Tumnee, Sasko Dominik, Keping Yu, Sodbileg Shirmen

Computer Science

|

2021

|

T. 22 (1)

143–163

EN

The number of subscribers in mobile networks is growing rapidly, which challenges network management and data delivery. Efficient management and routing are key solutions. One important solution is distributed mobility management (DMM), which handles the mobility of subscribers at the edges of mobile networks and load balancing. Otherwise, mobility anchors are distributed across a network that can manage the handover procedures. In this paper, we propose a novel mobility anchor-selection scheme based on the results of a cost function with three factors to select a suitable cell as well as an anchor for moving subscribers and improving the handover performances of networks. Our results illustrate that the proposed scheme provides significantly enhanced handover performance.

3

Available Bandwidth and RSRP Based Handover Algorithm for LTE/LTE-Advanced Networks Tested in LTE-Sim Simulator

Angri Ismail, Najid Abdellah, Mahfoudi Mohammed

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

|

2019

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Vol. 65, No. 1

85--93

EN

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that improves the performance of the operation of Handover (HO) in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks. As recognized, Mobility Management (MM) is an important pillar in LTE/LTE-A systems to provide high quality of service to users on the move. The handover algorithms define the method and the steps to follow to ensure a reliable transfer of the UEs from one cell to another without interruption or degradation of the services offered by the network. In this paper, the authors proposed a new handover algorithm for LTE/LTE-A networks based on the measurement and calculation of two important parameters, namely the available bandwidth and the Received Power (RSRP) at the level of eNodeBs. The proposed scheme named LTE Available Bandwidth and RSRP Based Handover Algorithm (LABRBHA) was tested in comparison with well-known algorithms in the literature as the LHHA, LHHAARC and the INTEGRATOR scheme using the open source simulator LTE-Sim. Finally, the network performances were investigated via three indicators: the number of lost packets during the handover operation, the latency as well as the maximum system throughput. The results reported that our algorithm shows remarkable improvements over other transfer schemes.

4

Ocena protokołu EAP re-authentication protocol (ERP)

Pacyna P., Chrabąszcz R.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

|

2016

|

nr 6

588--592, CD

PL

Uwierzytelnienie urządzenia mobilnego ubiegającego się o dostęp do zasobów sieci wymaga wykonania procedury protokołu EAP, która wprowadza opóźnienie. Jeżeli w systemie wymagane jest ponowne uwierzytelnienie, jak w sytuacji częstych przełączeń, wielokrotne uwierzytelnianie staje się trudne do zaakceptowania. W artykule dokonujemy oceny protokołu EAP Reauthentication Protocol (ERP), którego zadaniem jest zmniejszenie opóźnień. Ocenę wykonano na drodze symulacji numerycznych oraz emulacji w oparciu o prototypową implementację protokołu. Uwaga koncentruje się na kwestii obciążenia systemu uwierzytelniającego w związku z przetwarzaniem komunikatów protokołu ERP.

EN

Network access authentication latency is problematic in scenarios where frequent reauthentications of wireless mobile devices are required. We evaluate the workload incurred by EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP) during handoffs. The study is based on numerical simulation and software-based emulation of prototype implementation.

5

Analiza wpływu mocy nadawania stacji bazowych na mechanizmy równoważenia obciążenia w sieciach LTE

Grochla K., Połys K.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

|

2016

|

nr 8-9

1054--1057, CD

PL

Równoważenie obciążenia w sieciach komórkowych pozwala na zwiększenie efektywności wykorzystania zasobów radiowych w sieciach o nierównomiernym rozkładzie użytkowników w przestrzeni. Proporcje mocy nadawania stacji bazowych w sąsiednich komórkach mają znaczący wpływ na wybór użytkowników, których można przełączyć pomiędzy komórkami w celu wyrównania obciążenia. W artykule przedstawiono analizę proporcji obszarów pokrytych przez trzy modulacje wykorzystywane podczas transmisji danych w sieciach LTE w zależności od mocy nadawania stacji bazowych. Opisanomodel analityczny pozwalający wyznaczyć lokalizacje, w których występują optymalne warunki do przełączenia użytkowników.

EN

Load balancing allows to increase the efficiency of radio resources usage in the mobile networks with non uniform distribution of devices. Proportion of transmit power in neighbour cells have a big influence on decision what devices to switch between base stations to balance the load. The article shows the analysis of the proportion between the areas covered by three modulations which depends on transmit power of LTE base station. In the article was described the analytical model which allows to find the location where are the best conditions to handover the user devices.

6

Wpływ wielkości histerezy przełączeń na przepustowość w sieci LTE

Połys K.

Studia Informatica

|

2014

|

Vol. 35, nr 3

53--62

PL

W sieciach mobilnych użytkownicy są przełączani pomiędzy stacjami bazowymi na podstawie siły sygnału lub innych metryk jakości transmisji. W celu optymalizacji przełączeń pomiędzy stacjami bazowymi często wykorzystywana jest histereza. Pozwala ona ograniczyć liczbę niepotrzebnych, bardzo krótkich przełączeń. W artykule zbadano wpływ wielkości histerezy na liczbę przełączeń oraz na osiąganą przepustowość połączenia użytkownika sieci LTE wyznaczaną na podstawie poziomu sygnału. Wyniki przeprowadzonych symulacji wskazują, że odpowiedni margines przełączenia znacznie zmniejsza liczbę niepotrzebnych przełączeń, a jednocześnie praktycznie nie zmniejsza przepustowości.

EN

In wireless networks users are switched between base station basing on signal strength or other metrics. To optimize users’ handover between base stations commonly used is hysteresis. It reduces the number of unnecessary, very short handovers. In this paper we have evaluated influence of handover hysteresis on the number of handovers and average bitrate which is derived from signal-to-noise ratio. The results show that proper handover margin can notably reduce the number of unnecessary handovers almost without reducing the throughput of network.

7

Ubiquity of Client Access in Heterogeneous Access Environment

Gierłowski K.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

|

2014

|

nr 3

3--16

EN

With popularization of mobile computing and diverse offer of mobile devices providing functionality comparable to personal computers, the necessity of providing network access for such users cannot be disputed. The requirement is further reinforced by emergence of general purpose mobile operating systems which provide their full functionality only with network connectivity available and popular XaaS (Everything as a Service) approach. In this situation and combined with the fact that most Internet-based services are able to function efficiently even in best effort environment, requirement of ubiquity of network access becomes one of the most important elements of today’s computing environment. This paper presents a general overview of the the vast group of mechanisms and technologies utilized in modern attempts to efficiently provide ubiquity on network access in heterogeneous environment of today’s access systems. It starts with division of users interested in ubiquitous network access into broad groups of common interest, complete with their basic requirements and access characteristics, followed by a survey of both already popular and new wireless technologies suitable to provide such access. Then a general discussion of most important challenges which must be addressed while attempting to fulfill the above goal is provided, addressing topics such as handover control and mobility management.

8

Rozproszone systemy teleinformatyczne: Inteligencja, autonomia, racjonalność i bezpieczeństwo kooperacji

Konorski J.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

|

2013

|

nr 8-9

625--632

PL

Wzrostowi inteligencji i autonomii podmiotów komunikacji systemów teleinformatycznych towarzyszy rozszerzanie paradygmatu analizy i projektowania w stronę podmiotów indywidualnie racjonalnych (egoistycznych). Wymaga to zastosowania metod teorii gier niekooperatywnych. Pokazano przykłady zachowań egoistycznych określonych jako „wymuszanie pierwszeństwa” i „fałszywe tablice” odpowiednio w środowisku wireless multihoming oraz lokalnej sieci bezprzewodowej IEEE 802.11 z algorytmem EDCA. Scharakteryzowano ich wpływ na wynikowe punkty pracy i opisano mechanizmy obronne.

EN

The growing intelligence and autonomy built in the communicating parties within a computer communication system cause the contemporary design and analysis paradigm to account for individually rational (selfish) parties. This calls for application of the methods of noncooperative game theory. In the paper, examples of selfish behavior dubbed as "forcing the right of way" and "phony plates" are shown, respectively in a wireless multihoming environment and an IEEE 802.11 WLAN with QoS differentiation. Their impact upon the outcome of the underlying games is discussed and defense mechanisms are described.

9

Determination of Average Handover Latency in Bi-Directional Tunneling Method in MIPv6 Networks

Malekin R., Abdullah A. H.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2013

|

R. 89, nr 4

156-159

EN

Mobile IP allows for a Mobile Node to remain reachable during handover to a new foreign network. When an mobile node moves to a new network, it will be unreachable for a period of time. This period is referred to as handover latency. In general, it is caused by the time used to discover a new network. This period of time for real-time applications, such as video coference and VOIP, which are time sensitive should be very short. IP mobility must be able to support performance in terms of initializing the handover as well as smoothing the process. In this paper, we evaluate handover latency based on highest probability of the latency in mobile Internet protocol verson 6 networks when mobile and correspondence nodes are using bi-directional tunneling over mobile IPv6 networks through simulation.

PL

W artykule omówiono zagadnienie opóźnienia przejścia sygnału użytkownika między dwoma sieciami komórkowymi, w przypadku wyjścia z zasięgu jednej z nich. W oparciu o symulacje wykonano szacowane obliczenia opóźnienia przekazania sygnału, w oparciu o czynnik największego prawdopodobieństwo opóźnienia w sieci mobilnego internetu o protokole w wersji 6. Badanie przeprowadzono dla przypadku obustronnego tunelowania dwukierunkowego w sieci mobilnej IPv6.

10

DHS: A Data Handover Scheme for Lifetime Enhancement of Wireless Sensor Networks

Bhattacharyya A., Seetharam A., Naskar M. K.

Journal of Applied Computer Science

|

2008

|

Vol. 16, nr 2

23-41

EN

Wireless sensor nodes must function in an energy-efficient manner in order to enhance network lifetime. In this paper we propose a Data Handover Scheme (DHS) which enhances the performance of several hierarchical routing protocols in terms of network lifetime. The base station being located at variable distances from the individual nodes, in spite of randomization and chain formation, each node actually dissipates a different amount of energy during its turn of transmission to the base station. DHS eliminates this energy difference by data handover in specific cycles through suitable node pairing and partner swapping. Extensive simulations show that LEACH with DHS performs 16.66% better than LEACH alone, PEGASIS with DHS shows 12.93% improvement over PEGASIS alone and binary model with DHS performs 15% better than the binary model alone considering network lifetime. A generalized mean transfer scheme is devised for large scale networks with significant (0.2–16%) lifetime increment. Furthermore PEGASIS with DHS shows that it attains almost a near optimal solution for the number of cycles endured by the network. As far as our knowledge goes, we are the first ones to address the problem of variable node distances from the Base Station and variable internodal distances.

11

Standard IEEE 802.21 - mechanizmy wspierania mobilności

Machań P., Jordan A., Wieczorkowska A.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

|

2007

|

nr 7

211-216

PL

Rosnąca liczba dostępnych technik bezprzewodowych o zróżnicowanych funkcjonalnościach tworzy naturalną potrzebę opracowania metody koegzystencji i współpracy tych rozwiązań. Przedmiotem artykułu są mechanizmy wspierania mobilności w szerokopasmowych sieciach heterogenicznych serii IEEE 8O2.x, w szczególności IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) i IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), a także UMTS, oferowane przez standard IEEE 802.21. Zawarte w pracy opisy 802.21 zostały zaczerpnięte ze wstępnej wersji 4.00 standardu IEEE 802.21.

EN

The growing number of wireless technologies raises the demand for interoperability mechanisms between networks. The article discuss the mobility support algorithms for IEEE 802.x standard family {mai- nly concentrated on IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16) and UMTS that are offered by IEEE 802.21 standard. The paper is based on IEEE 802.21 draft 4.0 published in February 2007.

12

Seamless roaming between UMTS and IEEE 802.11 networks

Matusz P., Machań P., Woźniak J.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

|

2004

|

nr 4

21-27

EN

Mobile Internet access is currently available mainly using 2G/3G cellular telecommunication networks and wireless local area networks. WLANs are perceived as a local complement to slower, but widely available cellular networks, such as existing GSM/GPRS or future UMTS networks. To benefit from the advantages offered by both radio access networks, a mobile user should be able to seamlessly roam between them without the need to terminate already established Internet connections. The goal of this paper is to present an overview of the profitability of performing vertical handovers between UMTS and IEEE 802.11b using Mobile IP. Several simulations have been carried out using NS-2, which prove that handovers from IEEE 802.11b to UMTS can, under certain circumstances, be profitable not only when there is no more IEEE 802.11b coverage. Simulation results show that a mobile user should be able to roam between these networks depending on the current available channel bandwidth and quality, generated traffic type and number of users in both of them.