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Evaluation of the operational effectiveness and feasibility of small-scale water supply systems in the hinterlands in Ethiopia : case of Afar Regional State

Shumie Melese C.

Journal of Water and Land Development

2022

no. 55

220--228

Access to clean and sufficient drinking water is difficult in much of Ethiopia’s Afar Region. It is observed that many schemes in the region are non-functional. The study was conducted to overcome the observed problem in seven selected districts of the region. The study regarded hand-dug wells and roof water collection systems, which are the two most common features in the research areas. Eight hand-dug wells and sixteen roof water harvestings are purposively included in the study. All the water points are constructed by Kelem Ethiopia which is a non-governmental organisation and the foremost local organisation for the communities. As per the research survey, the average functional status of the hand-dug well schemes is 65.75% and the roof water harvesting schemes is 22.94%. The research was based on the qualitative data collected on site. The hand-dug well sites were evaluated using 10 parameters, and the roof water harvesting schemes were analysed using 12 parameters. The main non-functional aspects of the scheme are lack of community ownership, drying up of water sources, lack of maintenance and rehabilitation, poor coordination of beneficiaries and school roofs blowing off. Most schemes still require minor to major maintenance and rehabilitation. According to the research, the solutions for water supply are identified in relation to the desired objective.

The potential use of a Dräger X-am 8000 portable multi-gas detector for monitoring explosive gases in the area of historical oil and gas fields in the Podkarpackie region

Maruta Michał

Journal of Geotechnology and Energy

2021

Vol. 38, no. 2

5--14

The oldest oil basin in the world is located in the Polish Carpathians. Former mines, often abandoned, have become technical monuments. The growing popularity of industrial tourism in the world and in Poland attracts more and more tourists who want to “find oil” on their own. In most cases, these are abandoned crude oil and natural gas fields, with such places associated with the risk of poisoning, ignition or explosion of escaping gases from unprotected crude oil fields or borehole outlets. The article also highlights the heritage of oil mining in the Polish Carpathians and related cultural routes. The author focuses on the issue related to the occurrence of the hazard zone of hydrogen sulphide poisoning or methane explosion in the sites of old oil fields. It presents the possibility of using the Dräger X-am 8000 portable multi-gas detector as a personal device for monitoring the concentration of gases and vapours considered toxic and/or explosive, such as methane or hydrogen sulphide. It also proposes the use of the Dräger X-am 8000 multi-gas detector, which in combination with the Dräger X-site Live real-time area monitoring module, can serve as a mobile system for short- or long-term monitoring of the above-mentioned zones.