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1

The influence of tectonic setting on groundwater chemical composition in the Peshkopi gypsum karst area, Korab Mountains, Eastern Albania

Eftimi Romeo, Andreychouk Viacheslav, Niedoba Tomasz, Różkowski Jacek

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 2

art. no. 19

EN

The diversity of groundwater chemistry in the Peshkopi gypsum karst area may be related to its setting within the tectonically active Korab Massif (Albania), as shown by field tests of temperature, pH, Eh and EC, and sampling of the waters for chemical analysis (both major and trace components) from cool brackish springs and mineralized thermal springs. The relationship between the chemical composition of the spring waters and of the reservoir rocks was elucidated by analysis of anhydrite-gypsum rocks and experimental dissolution of an anhydrite-gypsum sample. Statistical analysis was used in the processing of hydrochemical data. Comparison of analytical results from 2019 with earlier data indicates compositional stability of the groundwaters over time. Our results together with statistical analysis of the hydrochemical data support an earlier hypothesis of two systems of groundwater circulation within the anhydrite-gypsum deposits of the Peshkopi region. A shallow circulation system involves cold (10-14°C), mainly brackish SO4-Ca waters with very low concentrations of Na+ and Cl- ions, reflecting their formation in a sulphate rock environment that probably corresponds spatially with a gypsum layer formed by hydration of anhydrite in the near-surface zone. A deep circulation system conditioned, inter alia, by the presence of a large fault, brings to the surface water at up to 44°C, saturated with H2S, mineralized, of the SO4-Ca type with an increased content of Na, K, HCO3, Cl, BO3 and SiO2>/sub>. The chemical composition of these waters, regardless of the presence of large amounts of sulphates, is significantly different and suggests the influence of other factors on their formation, such as slow circulation, contact with flysch rocks in the fault zone and the mixing of deep and near-surface waters in the final part of their ascent to the surface.

2

Variability in chemical composition of waters in the Zoloushka gypsum cave (Ukraine-Moldova) as a consequence of anthropogenic degradation of a karst aquifer

Andreychouk Viacheslav, Różkowski Jacek, Jóźwiak Krzysztof

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 3

art. no. 41

EN

The Zoloushka Cave, with passages >90 km long and a volume of ~0.65 million m3, is among the largest gypsum caves in the world. The cave was opened in the course of gypsum excavation in a quarry in the village of Criva (Moldova) located just near the border with Ukraine. During the quarry exploitation, with the accompanying pumping of water, the groundwater table was lowered to the bottom part of the gypsum layer. As a result of the pumping, the karst aquifer within the cave labyrinth was fragmented into separate underground reservoirs controlled by the morphology of the karst system and its content of clay deposits. Currently, there are several dozen lakes in the cave with a varied hydrodynamic regime (relict lakes, lakes with direct and indirect hydraulic connection with the aquifer). Research was carried out in February 2020 to determine the degree of, and reasons for, the hydrogeochemical diversity of 10 selected lakes of various hydrodynamic types present in the cave. The degree of variability of the hydrogeochemical parameters of these lakes was found to depend on a number of factors, mainly: the hydrodynamic type of the cave lake resulting from the degree of its hydraulic connection with the aquifer; the geochemical environment of the lake; and anthropogenic influence. The autonomizing role of these factors is the modification (within individual lakes) of the hydrogeochemical context of the transit waters flowing through the cave system to the quarry.

3

Geomorphology and hydrogeology of an exposed evaporite dome : the Dumre karst area, Central Albania

Andreychouk Viacheslav, Eftimi Romeo, Nita Jerzy, Klimchouk Alexander

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 4

art. no. 55

EN

The Dumre area, located in Central Albania, is distinguished by a landscape whose main features consist of low altitude, mosaic and irregular relief, and the presence of a large number of depressions with lakes. These features result from karst development related to the presence of a tectonically affected dome of Triassic evaporite rocks, mainly gypsum. Gypsum karstification has operated since the Pliocene, and the present-day geomorphological appearance of the area indicates an advanced, mature stage of karst development. Signs of this maturity include the widespread occurrence of large depressions, many of which are water-filled, forming lakes, the occasional presence of gypsum hills in the form of monadnocks, a thick “coating” of residual sediments largely isolating the karstic gypsum substrate from precipitation and surface waters, and the fragmentary pattern of a degraded river network. The karst character of the relief is largely “camouflaged” by clastic terrigenous and residual deposits of considerable thickness which cover the gypsum and form a caprock. At the present stage, the caprock is being strongly reshaped and eroded. Chemical analyses show a mean dissolved gypsum content of 1.9 g/l and mean dissolved NaCl content of 0.4 g/l. The mean flow rate of subaqueous springs is calculated as 1.84 m3. The density of gypsum is 2.3, and that of rock salt is 2.17, thus the total volume of gypsum dissolved each year is 47,420 m3 and of rock salt 10,680 m3, making a total volume of dissolved material released by the subaqueous springs in one year of 58,100 m3. This corresponds to a cubic void of side length 38.7 m.

4

Application of GPR and ERT methods for recognizing of gypsum deposits in urban areas

Gołębiowski Tomisław, Jarosińska Elżbieta

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 6

2015--2030

EN

This paper presents the selected results of GPR (ground penetrating radar) and ERT (electrical resistivity tomography) surveys carried out on the sites in Poland where shallow karst forms were found in gypsum deposits. The aim of the surveys was the noninvasive detection of karst forms as well as weathered and fractured bedrock which may threaten the stability of the surface and, consequently, may cause damage to buildings, as well as overground and underground infrastructure. The geophysical surveys were conducted at a depth of only a few meters, i.e., to the depth of buildings foundations. GPR surveys were carried out in short-offset reflection profiling mode with standard orientation of the antennae set; however, on one site, different orientations of antennae were tested. During ERT surveys, different measurement arrays were applied in order to analyze which array was optimal for the detection of karst forms as well as weathered and fractured bedrock. Complex interpretation of geophysical surveys resulted in reduced ambiguity and revealed some regions, dangerous for surface stability. Due to the fact that gypsum deposits were investigated to the depth of maximum 10 m; therefore, hydrological processes were analyzed in the paper instead of hydrogeological processes.

5

Скитский карьер – уникальный ландшафтно-геологический объект в каньйоне Днестра, Буковина, Украина

Andrejczuk W., Korżyk W.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2014

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nr 26

9--26

RU

Заброшенные карьеры могут представлять собой ценные в природоохранном отношении объекты. Статья посвящена Скитскому гипсовому карьеру, расположенному в каньоне Днестра (Западная Украина), который уже на протяжении более 50 лет «функционирует» в режиме натурализации. Охарактеризованы геологические, геоморфологические (карстово-спелеологические) и ландшафтно-экологические достоинства карьера, их охрана, а также пути возможного использования объекта.

EN

The abandoned quarries can represents a valuable from the environment protection point of view objects. The article is devoted to Skitskiy gypsum quarry located in the canyon of the Dniester River (Western Ukraine), which for over 50 years functions in the mode of renaturalization. The geological, geomorphological (karstic-speleological) and landscape-ecological values of the quarry, their protection, as well as possible ways to use this object are characterized.

6

Kamieniołomy gipsowe jako cenne geostanowiska krasowe. Studium przypadku: Podole i Bukowina, Ukraina

Andrejczuk W.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2014

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nr 26

93--110

PL

Gips jest skałą o szerokim rozpowszechnieniu w skorupie ziemskiej i na jej powierzchni. Ze względu na określone wartości użytkowe gips jest pożądanym surowcem skalnym, wydobywanym najczęściej w kamieniołomach. Gips należy do skał krasowiejących i łatwo ulega rozpuszczaniu w wodzie. Dlatego gipsowe serie skalne, zalegające blisko powierzchni ziemi oraz masywy gipsowe są silnie skrasowiałe. Kamieniołomy gipsowe praktycznie zawsze odsłaniają skrasowiałe wnętrza masywów gipsowych, obfitujące w różnorodne formy krasowe i paleokrasowe, w tym jaskinie. Te ostatnie często są duże i reprezentują cenne lub nawet unikatowe utwory przyrodnicze, warte objęcia ochroną prawną. Utwory krasowe najczęściej decydują o wartości ogólnej kamieniołomów gipsowych, jako geostanowisk. W artykule, na przykładzie różnych kamieniołomów Podola i Bukowiny pokazane są ich walory wynikające z obecności utworów krasowych, przede wszystkim jaskiń.

EN

Gypsum is a rock having a wide spread in the earth's crust and on its surface. Due to the specified usable values gypsum is a desired raw material, mostly mined in quarries. Gypsum belongs to karstic rocks and easily dissolves in water. Therefore, a series of gypsum rocks, lying close to the earth surface and gypsum massifs usually are strongly karstified. Gypsum quarries almost always expose the karstified interior of gypsum massifs, rich in various karst forms both karstic and paleokarstic, including caves. The latter are often large and represent a valuable or even unique natural formations, which should be taken under protection. Karst formations frequently determine the total value of gypsum quarries as geosites. In the article, the values of various gypsum quarries of Podilla and Bukovina resulting from karst formations, especially the caves, are shown, as examples.

7

Geophysical surveys and modelling for recognizing of gypsum karst

Łój M., Gołębiowski T., Porzucek S.

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2014

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T. 13

83--97

EN

Geophysical surveys are often used for examination of karst phenomena in limestone. This paper presents the research on gypsum karst which occurrence is much rarer. Non-invasive terrain surveys were carried out over known karst cavity in order to visualize karst phenomena developed around the void. Two geophysical methods that seems to be predestined for karst examination were selected, i.e. microgravimetry and georadar. For the interpretation of measured data numerical modelling was applied. Geophysical interpénétration depicted the presence of weathered material in the near surface zone and fractures and loose zones located over the karst cavity.

PL

Pomiary geofizyczne są często stosowane do badania krasu wapiennego. W artykule przedstawiono natomiast opis badań krasu gipsowego, którego występowanie jest o wiele rzadsze. Nieinwazyjne badania terenowe przeprowadzono nad znaną jaskinią krasową w celu zobrazowania zjawisk krasowych rozwijających się wokół pustki. Do badań wybrano dwie predystynowane do tego celu metody geofizyczne: mikrograwimetryczną i georadarową. Interpretację wyników badań geofizycznych przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem modelowania numerycznego. Wyniki interpretacji wskazują, że w strefie przypowierzchniowej występuje warstwa zwietrzała, a nad pustką krasową występują strefy spękań i rozluźnień.

8

Geoturystyczne walory wybranych obiektów przyrody nieożywionej Litwy

Labus M.

Geoturystyka

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2010

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nr 3-4

19-28

PL

W artykule krótko opisano budowę geologiczną Litwy i związane z nią formy krajobrazowe. Krajobraz Litwy został ukształtowany niemal wyłącznie poprzez procesy glacjalne i fluwioglacjalne. Na powierzchni występują zatem głównie osady czwartorzędowe. Wychodnie skał starszych (dewonu, jury, kredy i neogenu) są stosunkowo nieliczne. Pomimo braku gór, geomorfologia Litwy jest urozmaicona; o różnorodności krajobrazu decyduje obecność wzgórz morenowych łagodnych równin, szerokich dolin rzecznych i głęboko wciętych, bystrych rzek, a także wielu jezior. Jednym z najciekawszych regionów Litwy jest znajdująca się na liście UNESCO Mierzeja Kurońska, stanowiąca piaszczysty wał z najwyższymi w północnej Europie wydmami. Eksploatowany jest tam najcenniejszy surowiec Litwy - bursztyn. W artykule przedstawiono ponadto inne warte odwiedzenia miejsca, m.in.: birżański obszar krasowy (zbudowany z dewońskich gipsów i anhydrytów), okolice miasta Pokrój, znane z eksploatacji wapieni permu i dolomitów dewonu, a także miejsc występowania największych głazów narzutowych na Litwie.

EN

The short characteristic of Lithuanian geology is presented, as well as the landforms which are tightly connected to the sediments. The landscape was formed thanks to glacial and fluvioglacial processes. The land is covered mainly by Quaternary sediments. The outcrops of older rocks (Devonian, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Neogeneperiods) are rather rare. Although there are no mountains on the territory of Lithuania, the geomorphology of the country is differentiated. The kinds of landscape are: morainic hills and plains, wide river valleys, as well as narrow river gullies and many of lakes. One of the most interesting places in Lithuania is the Curonian Spit placed on UNESCO's World Heritage list. It is full of sandy dunes, the highest in the Northern Europe. Moreover the Curonian Spit is famousfor the real Lithuanian treasure - amber. In the article there are also presented some more worth-seeing places, e.g.: Birżai karstarea (formed by gypsum and anhydrite rocks), Pakruojis region, well known thanks to the exploitation of Permian limestones and Devonian dolomites, and the large erratics locations.

9

Zmiany chemizmu wód w utworach krasu gipsowego na tle zmian w zagospodarowaniu terenu

Jóźwiak K., Solovey T.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2009

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nr 436, z. 9/1

189-194

PL

Międzyrzecze Prut-Dniestr charakteryzuje się szerokim rozprzestrzenieniem gipsów mioceńskich przedkarpackiej formacji ewaporatowej. Na rym obszarze dominuje tektonika blokowa - przebieg warstwy gipsów o miąższości do 30 m jest zaburzony uskokami zrzutowymi. Zanurzanie się bloków tektonicznych, powoduje zróżnicowaną relację warstwy gipsów do głównych stref drenażu, jakimi są doliny Dniestru i Prutu. Obszar szczegółowych badań reprezentuje fragment zlewni Czarnego Potoku, zlokalizowanej w centralnej części międzyrzecza, gdzie doliny rzeczne wcinają się w warstwę gipsów i aktywnie rozwijają się procesy krasowe. Procesy te intensyfikowane są wody powierzchniowe wnikające w głąb masywu skalnego pustkami szczelinowo-krasowymi. W badaniach prowadzonych w 2008 r. zwrócono uwagę na antropogeniczne czynniki intensyfikujące procesy krasowienia- m.in. powstanie ciągu jezior w miejscu dotychczas zajmowanym przez koryto potoku.

EN

The interfluve of Dniester and Prut is characterized by the presence of Miocene gypsum of the Carpathian Foredeep evaporate formation. Gypsum strata (up to 30 m in thickness) are disturbed by thrust faults due to block tectonics in this area. Submerging of tectonic blocks causes variations in the relation between gypsum strata and main drainage zones (Dniester and Prut Valleys). The research area is situated in the Czarny Potok valley, in the middle part of the Dniester and Prut interfluve, where the river valleys cut into gypsum rocks and cause karst processes. These processes can be intensified by surface waters entering the massif through cracks and faults. Some attention has also been paid to anthropogenic processes that may influence karst processes (forming several lakes in a stream channel).

10

Kształtowanie się chemizmu wód gipsowej jaskini Zołuszka (Ukraina, Mołdawia)

Andrejczuk W., Jóźwiak K., Różkowski J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2009

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nr 436, z. 9/1

9-16

PL

Przedstawiono środowisko hydrogeologiczne krasu gipsowego w rejonie jaskini Zołuszka (pogranicze Ukrainy i Mołdawii). Celem badań wykonanych w lipcu 2008 r. było określenie chemizmu wód jezior jaskiniowych. Stwierdzono, że kształtuje się on w środowisku hydrogeochemicznym przejściowym. W ramach modelowania geochemicznego określono specjacje składników roztworu wodnego o wielkości wskaźnika nasycenia (SI) roztworu względem wybranych faz mineralnych. Chemizm wód został zrównoważony ze stężeniami O2 i CO2 w powietrzu jaskini. Wyniki badań hydrochemicznych i modelowe obrazują hydrogeochemiczną strefowość kompleksu wodonośnego drenowanego przez kamieniołom, warunkowaną budową geologiczną, warunkami krążenia oraz mikroklimatem jaskini. Wyróżniono anomalie przestrzenne związane ze zwiększonym zasilaniem ascenzyjnym z piętra wodonośnego kredy.

EN

The paper presents the results of the research of the Badenian gypsum karst hydrogeochemical environment in the area of the Zoloushka cave in Ukraine. The investigations were carried out in June 2008 with the main aim of determining mechanism of cave lake waters chemistry. It has been found that the chemical mechanism of these waters is formed in a transitional hydrogeochemical environment. On the basis of the results of a hydrogeochemical numerical model, some of the features such as the distribution of elements, molar concentrations and main speciation as well as saturation indices (SI) for the chosen mineral phases were calculated. The chemical mechanism of the water was balanced with concentrations of O2 and CO2 present in the air of the cave. The results of hydrogeochemical investigations and modeling show a clear hydrochemical zonation within the described hydrogeological complex drained by the quarry. This is related to the geological structure, flow conditions and the cave microclimate. Spatial anomalies connected with the increased upward flow from the Cretaceous aquifer have been distinguished.

11

Characterisation of gypsum karst aquifers by heat and solute transport simulations

Birk S., Liedl R., Sauter M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2002

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Vol. 52, nr 1

23-29

EN

Environmental risks in gypsum karst areas such as geomechanical problems as a result of gypsum dissolution or the vulnerability of the aquifers due to the unretarded transport of pollutants are mainly determined by the karst conduit system. Therefore, in order to provide a reliable basis for risk assessment, an adequate hydrogeological characterisation of the conduit system is required. A newly developed modelling tool is presented, which has been designed to support the characterisation of the conduit system of gypsum karst aquifers by simulating short-term fluctuations of solute concentrations and temperatures of the spring water. Both solute concentration and temperature of the spring water depend on the geometric and hydraulic properties of the conduit system. If only one of these parameters is analysed a unique identification of the structure of the conduit system may not always be obtained. Unsteadystate simulations of both heat and solute transport, however, show that different conduit systems, which are equivalent with respect to spring of one parameter, can be distinguished by taking into account a second parameter.