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Wojny o charakterze powstańczym (rebelie) we współczesnym świecie : aspekty teoretyczne

ReginiaZacharski J.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2015

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R. 5, Nr 8

57--77

PL

Poczynając od tzw. „arabskiej wiosny”, która zaznaczyła się na znacznych obszarach Północnej Afryki i Bliskiego Wschodu, obserwować można wzrost liczby wojen o charakterze rebelianckim. Ponadto w istotnej części wojna, tocząca się od 2014 roku na Ukrainie, charakteryzuje się sporą liczbą elementów składowych, które można analizować w kategoriach „rebelii”. Już na podstawie tych pobieżnych obserwacji można przyjąć, że ten rodzaj „perturbacji” w środowisku międzynarodowym nadal pozostaje aktywny. Co więcej, wziąwszy pod uwagę dynamikę zjawisk oraz ich potencjał eskalacji i rozszerzania się efektów (choćby w postaci ogromnych fal migracyjnych), zasadne wydaje się dokonanie przeglądu istniejących narzędzi analizy teoretycznej fenomenu rebelii zbrojnej i ich aktualizacja. Celem poniższego opracowania będzie zatem krytyczny ogląd dorobku naukowego w zakresie badania powstań i rebelii, ale także jego rozwinięcie w oparciu o analizę zjawisk współczesnych.

EN

Since the beginning of the, so called, „Arabian Spring”, that took place in countries of the North Africa and the Middle East, one can observe a rise in numbers of the “rebellion wars”. In addition a type of war observed in the Ukrainian conflict since 2014 has many characteristics resembling some categories of the „rebellion”. Furthermore, its dynamics and potential for escalation and spreading (for example, because of the large emigration waves) is growing. Hence, the need for theoretical overview and analysis of armed rebellions phenomenon becomes actual. In unison with the above, the aim of the article is a critical overview of scientific data available on past rebellions and, based on the contemporary conflicts, an analysis of the current state of knowledge in a subject matter.

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Operacjonalizacja kultury w przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom asymetrycznym

Trochowska K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2013

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nr 3(92)

47-74

EN

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the cultural dimension of military-led endeavors of the international community aimed at countering asymmetric threats such as post-modern terrorism and insurgencies. Although the international community agreed that military activity itself is not a proper answer to the transnational terrorist threat, the use of military components will be continued in such activities. In particular that military operations have nowadays extended way beyond the traditional, Clausewitz’s hard power concept. Not only do we observe the shift of the centers of gravity in today’s operations towards the human terrain, namely the area of operation population. Contemporary military operations also characterize with rising significance of non-kinetic elements in "COIN," anti- and counterterrorism operations, such as civil-military cooperation, civil affairs, psychological and information operations, which base on profound knowledge of adversaries’ cultures. With the emergence of population-centric operations, an urgent need of considering cultural factors of the Area of Operation emerged, and the missing link between the awareness of the cultural aspects of threats, such as also terrorist activity, and operational plans that consider them, has not yet been found and fully utilized in military planning. Therefore we face a need of the skill of operationalization of culture, understood as the identification of vital for military activities features of culture of any object of the activity, and integrating such knowledge and skills into the processes of shaping military security. Hence, although the article’s main focus is on military aspects of combating terrorism, the strategic security environment changes and the paradigm shift, demand us to consider wide, sociocultural context, not only criminal and military aspect of terrorism. Although insurgency and terrorism are not the same phenomena, their culture, motivations, mechanisms and organizational structure is alike, and they both use terrorism as heir tactics. Many of the lessons learned during counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq can be used while combating terrorism within military and other security operations elsewhere, not only for the needs of the military, but also other armed formations - such as the police - and civilian specialists working in the field. Gathered research proves that operationalization of culture can be an effective tool of enhancing the effectiveness of employing uniformed formations to counter violent extremisms.

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Wykorzystanie wojsk pancernych i zmechanizowanych podczas zwalczania sił nieregularnych w konfliktach zbrojnych drugiej połowy XX wieku

Moszumański Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

83-96

EN

In the article there were discussed the transformations of views on armoured and mechanised troops used to fight against irregular forces in selected armed conflicts after World War II, i.e. Vietnam, Afghanistan and Chechnya. During the armed conflict in Vietnam the armoured and mechanised intervention and Saigon’s forces were used, among other things, to reconnoitre the probable location of Vietcong units, to carry out direct support to the infantry and airborne subunits in the anti-guerrilla operations, to reinforce defence of the bases, to defend the important transportation routes and bridges, to cover the marching troops as well as transports of different destination. In Afghanistan, the Russians, after their first failures, tried to take advantage of American experience from Vietnam, adjusting it only to the different terrain conditions. Heavy, mechanised tactical units were exchanged for the small, independently operating ones. The same strategy was applied in Chechnya. After the failures of tank attacks at Grozny, the tactics was changed. Instead using tanks in massive attacks, some small 10-100-person assault groups were created to strike at selected targets. In the conclusion, there were indicated the tendencies that appear in the tactics of using armoured and mechanised troops to fight against irregular troops.

4

Wojna w Afganistanie w latach 1979-1989 i jej wpływ na rozwój sztuki wojennej

Kajetanowicz J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

252-261

EN

The war in Afghanistan, due to its specific character, had a great influence on the development of the modern art of war. During its course numerous new methods of fighting were developed, mainly in airmobile, special, guerrilla and antiguerrilla operations. The author discusses their evolution on the background of subsequent war phases showing conditions that result from the character of the war theatre, introduction of modern types of weapons and military equipment and taking advantage of earlier local conflicts by the fighting sides. The author pays special attention to a close co-operation of armed forces’ branches and particular kinds of troops in conducting war operations and high effectiveness of irregular methods of fighting even towards the opponent that has a superior advantage in basic means of fighting.

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Działania nieregularne w polskiej myśli wojskowej XIX i XX wieku

Wyszczelski L.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

13-29

EN

The theory of irregular operations dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and it was connected with experiences of partisan operations in Spain. The Italians were its creators. The Poles contributed immensely to it thanks to Gen. Wojciech Chrzanowski, the author of the book entitled “On Partisan War” published in 1835. Also the literary outputs of Gen. Józef Zachariasz Bem, Aleksander Jelocicki and Ludwik Bystrzowski were significant. In turn, the Poles, namely Karol Bogumił Stolzman and Henryk Kamieński, created the theory of people's war. The theory of irregular operations had been undergoing a revival until World War II. American and French theoreticians contributed mostly to it. It was an after- math of partisan wars waged mainly in Asia and Africa.