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1

Jak przygotować dachy zielone do zimy?

Lech Aleksander

Zieleń Miejska

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2023

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Nr 12

18--20

PL

Przygotowanie ogrodu do zimy wymaga przeprowadzenia odpowiednich prac pielęgnacyjnych oraz zabezpieczenia roślin mniej tolerancyjnych na zmiany temperatur. W przypadku ogrodów uprawianych na dachach budynków prace przygotowawcze różnią się w zależności od rodzaju zazielenienia, konstrukcji dachu, układu warstw oraz funkcji zazielenienia.

2

Seasonality and long-term trends of NDVI values in different land use types in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea basin

Klimavičius Laurynas, Rimkus Egidijus, Stonevičius Edvinas, Mačiulytė Viktorija

Oceanologia

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2023

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Vol. 65 (1)

171--181

EN

This study analyses changes in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values in the eastern Baltic region. The main aim of the work is to evaluate changes in growing season indicators (onset, end time, time of maximum greenness and duration) and their relationship with meteorological conditions (air temperature and precipitation) in 1982–2015. NDVI seasonality and long-term trends were analysed for different types of land use: arable land, pastures, wetlands, mixed and coniferous forests. In the southwestern part of the study area, the growing season lasts longest, while in the northeast, the growing season is shorter on average by 10 weeks than in the other parts of the analysed territory. The air temperature in February and March is the most important factor determining the start of the growing season and the air temperature in September and October determines the end date of the growing season. Precipitation has a much smaller effect, especially at the beginning of the growing season. The effect of meteorological conditions on peak greenness is weak and, in most cases, statistically insignificant. At the end of the analysed period (1982–2015), the growing season started earlier and ended later (in both cases the changes were 3–4 weeks) than at the beginning of the study period. All these changes are statistically significant. The duration of the growing season increased by 6–7 weeks.

3

The Influence of the Gray Forest Soil Moisture Level on the Accumulation of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu in Spring Barley Grain

Razanov Serhii, Husak Oksana, Hnativ Petro, Dydiv Andrii, Bakhmat Oleh, Stepanchenko Vitalii, Pryshchepa Alla, Shcherbachuk Victor, Mazurak Oksana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 7

285--292

EN

Among a number of climate-related factors, moisture has the greatest impact on crop productivity. In recent years, certain changes have been observed under conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine with regard to precipitation – from low to in some cases – abnormally high, which requires the study of their impact on the yield and safety of cereal grain for its forecasted production. The article examined the effect of a high level of soil moisture (256.2–272.5 mm) and a low level (47.4–52.3 mm) during the growing season (germination→earing) of spring barley grain on the accumulation of heavy metals in it and its productivity under the conditions of gray forest soils of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Spring barley varieties Helios and Caesar were selected for the research. A decrease in the accumulation coefficient at a high level of soil moisture (256.6–272.5 mm) in spring barley grain Pb from 8.3% to 11.3%, Cd – from 35.0% to 35.5%, Zn was established – by 15% and Cu – from 11.2% to 16.6% compared to the low level of soil moisture (47.1 mm – 53.3 mm). At the same time, it was found that with a high level of soil moisture, there is a decrease in the yield of Helios and Caesar spring barley by 18.0% and 14.1%, respectively.

4

Past and future changes in the start, end, and duration of the growing season in Poland

Szyga-Pluta Katarzyna, Tomczyk Arkadiusz Marek, Piniewski Mikołaj, Eini Mohammad Reza

Acta Geophysica

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, no. 6

3041--3055

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the direction and rate of the projected changes of the start, end, and duration of the growing season in Poland in two-time horizons: 2021-2050 and 2071-2100. The main part of the paper was preceded by an analysis of changes in the start and end dates and the duration of the growing season in Poland in the period 1966-2020. The growing season in Poland is projected to be the shortest in mountain areas and in the north-eastern regions of Poland, where the date of growing season start is the latest and the date of the growing season end is the earliest. Whereas the longest growing season due to the projected earliest start and latest end dates is expected in the southwestern Poland. In the case of the coast, its late end will be of the greatest importance for its duration as a result of the warming effect of the sea in the autumn–winter period. The most intensive changes are forecasted in the long-term perspective in the case of the scenario regarding a high level of greenhouse gas emissions. The forecasts show that outside mountain areas, the growing season duration will vary from less than 255 days in the northeastern regions to more than 290 days in southwest and western Poland. In the duration of the mountains, the growing season will vary from 180 days on Kasprowy Wierch to 188 days on Śnieżka. This suggests significant changes in agroclimatic conditions in Poland.

5

Assessment of Growth and Development of Representatives under the Conditions of Chestnut Soils

Semenyutina Alexandra V., Melnik Kristina A., Semenyutina Victoria A.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, iss. 1

19--24

EN

The growth and development of woody plants allow revealing the essence of their relationship with the environment. New conditions for growing plants primarily affect their growth and development, which is associated with the amount of heat and moisture. The aim of the research was to study the dynamics of growth and development of Gleditsia under new cultivation conditions (chestnut soils of the Volgograd region). In the arid zone of Russia, a comparative analysis of the species of the Gleditsia genus: G. texana, G. cassis, G. triacanthos, growing in the cluster dendrological collections of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (cadastre. № 34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10; cadastre no. 34: 36:0000:14:0178). The analysis of long-term phenological observations at various temperature parameters of the environment was carried out. The optimal temperature for the beginning of active growth of shoots and its intensity were revealed. It was established that under the conditions of arid climate of the Volgograd region, the species of the Gleditsia genus are characterized by a spring-summer period of shoot growth (from the first decade of May to the third decade of July). Apical shoots start to grow earlier and finish it later than the lateral ones. At the time of cessation of growth in all species, the tops of the shoots dry up together with 2–3 leaves. Then comes the process of lignification of young shoots, contributing to their resistance under winter conditions. When comparing the data on the development of shoots of different Gleditsia species, no clear differences were found. Gleditsia triacanthos has the longest growing season (195 days) compared with the rest of the studied species. During the growing season, all Gleditsia species go through a full cycle of development, which indicates the success of their introduction, proving that the Gleditsia genus is a stable plant in chestnut soils. Gleditsia has no special generative shoots. The period from the beginning of budding to flowering depends on weather conditions (an increase in temperature to 28 °C slows this process down). In hydrologically favorable years, at an average air temperature of 21.5 °C, continuous flowering of plants is observed). The obtained materials are necessary for selection for landscaping, assessment of aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic properties, development and implementation of measures to protect green spaces from pests and diseases. Phenological observations have a huge role for forest reclamation.

6

Variation in Growing Season Thermal Resources in Central-East Poland

Radzka Elżbieta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

145--150

EN

The work assesses heat resources in central-east Poland (2001-2019). As a measure of heat resources, the concept of growing degree days (GDD) was used. GDD is a useful tool for agriculture as it takes into account the aspects of local weather and, based on it, plant development can be predicted. Daily maximum and minimum air temperatures were used to calculate GDD at 7 stations using threshold base air temperatures of 0°C (commencement of the warm season) and 5°C (start of the period of active plant growth). The following basic characteristics of the distribution were calculated: arithmetic mean, minimum and maximum values as well as coefficient of variation. The direction and significance of changes of the heat resources were determined on the basis of linear trend equations. The significance of directional coefficient of the trend was estimated with t-Student test at the significance level of α = 0.05. The average air temperature during the growing season ranged from 14.6°C in Białystok and Białowieża to 15.6°C in Włodawa, its greatest increase being recorded in Włodawa and Siedlce (by 0.36°C per year). GDD increased from north to south in the study area, but the mean GDD varied considerably from one location to another. GDD0 and GDD5 showed an upward trend over the 2001-2019 period for the study region as a whole.

7

Wyboiste drogi lubelskiego przesadzania

Smolorz Józef

Zieleń Miejska

|

2020

|

Nr 7-8

72--74

PL

Kiedy najczęściej pod koniec kwietnia nadchodzi okres wegetacji, następuje koniec sadzenia roślin. Oczywiście koniec nie obejmuje sadzenia z pojemników. Jednak z uwagi na pełnię prac inwestycyjnych właśnie w okresie wiosenno-letnim przesyłanych jest mnóstwo zapytań o wycenę kosztów przesadzania drzew. W oderwaniu od cyklu życia drzew.

8

Seasonal Changes of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization Along Restoration Gradient of Sandy Grassland, Northern China

Lv Peng, Zuo Xiaoan, Sun Shanshan, Zhang Jing, Zhao Shenglong, Hu Ya

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2020

|

Vol. 68, nr 4

283--295

EN

Soil nitrogen mineralization strongly affects N availability, thus impacting the primary productivity in ecosystems. The seasonal environmental changes affect soil mineralization in restored sandy grasslands such as a studied mobile dune (MD), a semi-fixed dune (SFD), a fixed dune (FD) and a grassland (G). During the growing season, we examined the association of soil N mineralization rate with vegetation characteristics, soil properties and climatic factors through the multivariate stepwise regression model. The vegetation cover, species diversity, above- and belowground biomass, soil carbon, nitrogen, soil water content (SWC), pH, electrical conductivity, very fine sand, clay and silt fractions increased during sandy grassland restoration. The NH4+-N concentration in MD and SFD was higher than that in FD and G, while NO3--N and inorganic N concentration showed a reverse trend. The NH4+N, NO3--N and inorganic N concentrations in MD, SFD and FD reached to the highest values in June, while in G they were highest in May. The net mineralization and nitrification rates increased with sandy grassland restoration; both of these rates were much greater in June than in other months at all sites. Regression analysis showed that the NO3--N concentration, SWC, pH of the soil and precipitation could explain 75% of the total variation in net nitrification rate, and the NO3--N concentration and precipitation could explain 59% of the total variation in the net mineralization rate. These results illustrate that the sandy grassland restoration can enhance the soil N availability, with soil N mineralization mainly determined by the changes of the NO3--N concentration and precipitation.

9

Estimation of plant water requirements during sequences of days without precipitation in 2011-2015

Wójcik K., Treder W., Zbudniewek A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

|

nr III/2

1187--1200

EN

This paper presents data on daily precipitation totals from six meteorological stations and the climatic water balance for the stations located throughout Poland in 2011-2015. The following sequences of days without precipitation were distinguished: from 11 to 15 days, from 16 to 20 days, and of more than 20 days. The number of precipitation-free sequences during the growing season in 2011-2015 was highly variable. Over the studied period, there were from 1.0 rainless sequence in Wtelno to 2.4 such sequences in Gołębiów per one growing season. The most frequently occurring were sequences of 11-15 days, while those of 16-20 days were less frequent. In the years under analysis, all of the different sequences occurred most frequently in July, and the least frequently in April. The highest numbers of sequences without precipitation were recorded in the south-east of Poland (Zakalniki, Gołębiów).

10

Estimation of plant water requirements during sequences of days without precipitation in 2011-2015

Wójcik K., Treder W., Zbudniewek A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

|

2017

|

nr II/1

611--624

EN

This paper presents data on daily precipitation totals from six meteorological stations and the climatic water balance for the stations located throughout Poland in 2011-2015. The following sequences of days without precipitation were distinguished: from 11 to 15 days, from 16 to 20 days, and of more than 20 days. The number of precipitation-free sequences during the growing season in 2011-2015 was highly variable. Over the studied period, there were from 1.0 rainless sequence in Wtelno to 2.4 such sequences in Gołębiów per one growing season. The most frequently occurring were sequences of 11-15 days, while those of 16-20 days were less frequent. In the years under analysis, all of the different sequences occurred most frequently in July, and the least frequently in April. The highest numbers of sequences without precipitation were recorded in the south-east of Poland (Zakalniki, Gołębiów).

11

The Influence of Weather Conditions of Eastern Poland on Sweet Corn Yields Aand Length of Growing Season

Rosa R., Kosterna-Kelle E., Franczuk J., Zaniewicz-Bajkowska A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

273--279

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of weather components (air temperature, precipitation) on the growth, yield and the length of the growing season of sweet corn cultivated in eastern Poland. The results come from a field experiment conducted in 2006–2011. Weather conditions in the successive years of the study significantly modified the yield of ears, weight and number of formatted ears, high of plants and the length of the growing season of sweet corn. Good yielding of sweet corn favoured years with moderate air temperatures in July and uniform distribution of precipitation during the growing season. The highest yield of ears was found in 2011, the lowest in the very difficult in terms of weather 2006. The shortest growing season was characterized corn grown in the years 2006 and 2010 with the high air temperatures in July and August, the longest in the years 2009 and 2011, in which the temperatures in the period June-August were the lowest of all the years of research. Irrespective of the year of study, cv ‘Sheba F1’ was formatted eras with higher weight than cv ‘Sweet Nugget F1’.

12

The Effect of Hydrothermal Conditions on Oats Yields in East-Central Poland (1975–2005)

Radzka E., Jankowska J., Markowska M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 3

184--188

EN

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal conditions on oats yields produced in east-central Poland. Hydrothermal conditions were determined based on the Sielianinov’s hydrothermal coefficient for nine IMGW (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management) stations located in the study area. The second data set consisted of oats yields compiled and published by the Main Statistical Office. Average yields as well as minimum and maximum yields were analysed. The relationship between oats yields and hydrothermal conditions was examined using a step-wise linear regression model. Correlation coefficients were negative in April and positive in June at all the stations. The relationships were confirmed by an analysis of regression equations. The regression equations also included coefficients for May and June which, however, were not statistically significant. Yield variation, described by regression equations of the dependence of oats yield on Sielianinov’s hydrothermal coefficient value was accounted for from 19 (Siedlce, Biała Podlaska) to 50% (Ostrołeka).

13

Analysis of hydrothermal conditions and their impact on early potato yields

Radzka E., Rymuza K., Lenartowicz T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 2

120--124

EN

The work is based on data on monthly air temperatures, monthly sums of atmospheric precipitation and early potato yields in 2000–2013 obtained from seven COBORU (Research Centre for Cultivar Testing) stations situated in east-central Poland. Hydrothermal conditions during the growing season (April–July) of early potato were described by means of the Sielianinow’s coefficient. The relationships between potato yields and the Sielianinow’s hydrothermal coefficient of the growing season were examined using multiple regression equations generated by means of the step-wise regression procedure followed by polynomial regression procedure. The average Sielianinow’s coefficient values ranged from 1.43 in April to 1.66 in May during the early potato growing season in east-central Poland. The applied statistical methods revealed that the hydrothermal factors impacted on early potato yields, particularly in the second stage of potato growth and development.

14

Porównanie metody Gumińskiego i teledetekcji satelitarnej w aspekcie wyznaczania dat początku okresu wegetacyjnego na obszarze Polski

Bartoszek K., Siłuch M.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2015

|

Nr 45

99--105

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy było porównanie dat początku okresu wegetacyjnego (OW) na obszarze Polski w okresie 2001–2010, które wyznaczono na podstawie dwóch niezależnych metod. Do wyznaczania dat metodą Gumińskiego wykorzystano średnie miesięczne wartości temperatury powietrza z punktów gridowych rozmieszczonych na terenie kraju. Natomiast do określenia dat początku OW metodą teledetekcji satelitarnej wykorzystano dane pochodzące z NASA LP DAAC, które były wynikiem pomiarów wykonywanych przez wielospektralny skaner MODIS umieszczony na satelitach Terra i Aqua. Wykazana została znaczna zgodność średnich terminów początku OW w Polsce wyznaczonych tymi dwoma metodami, co może sugerować istotny wpływ czynnika termicznego na wzrost aktywności fotosyntetycznej roślinności po okresie zimowym. Obydwie metody potwierdziły, że przeciętnie najwcześniej początek OW występuje w południowo-zachodniej części kraju, natomiast najpóźniej w Polsce Północnej i na obszarach górskich.

EN

The aim of the paper is to compare the dates of the onset of the growing season in Poland in the period 2001–2010, which were determined on the basis of two independent methods. The dates determined by Gumiński method based on gridded monthly mean air temperature over Poland area. In turn, satellite data extracted from NASA LP DAAC product, which were the result of measurements performed with multispectral scanner (MODIS) on the Terra and Aqua satellites. It was demonstrated that the average dates of the onset of the growing season in Poland determined by two methods did not differ significantly. It may suggest a significant impact of thermal factor on the increase in the photosynthetic activity of vegetation after the winter months. Both methods confirmed that the earliest average dates of the onset of the growing season occur in the southwestern part of the country, and the latest in northern Poland and in the mountain areas.

15

Zmiana długości okresu wegetacyjnego w Polsce

Nieróbca A., Kozyra J., Mizak K., Wróblewska E.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2013

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T. 13, z. 2

81--94

PL

Celem pracy była ocena zmian długości okresu wegetacyjnego w Polsce w wieloleciu 1971–2009 oraz w warunkach klimatycznych prognozowanych na lata 2030 i 2050. Długość okresu wegetacyjnego w latach 1971–2009 określono na podstawie danych dobowych z 48 stacji synoptycznych IMGW-PIB. Analizę zmian długości okresu wegetacyjnego w przyszłości wykonano dla dwóch miejscowości w Polsce: Grabowa (Polska Środkowa) i Laskowic (Polska Południowo-Zachodnia), według scenariuszy emisyjnych A1B i A2 i trzech modeli klimatycznych: ECHAM5/MPI–OM (ECHAM), HadCM3 (HadCM) i NCAR-PCM (NCAR). Wykazano, że w latach 2001–2009 okres wegetacyjny w Polsce był dłuższy o 8 dni niż w latach 1971–2000. Największe zmiany stwierdzono w północno-zachodniej Polsce, gdzie okres ten wydłużył się o ponad 9 dni, a w okolicach Koszalina i Ustki o 16 dni. Według przyjętych scenariuszy klimatycznych, w perspektywie 2030 r. okres wegetacyjny w środkowej Polsce będzie dłuższy o 10–14 dni niż w latach 1971–2000, a w perspektywie do 2050 r. – o 18–27 dni. W południowo-zachodniej Polsce długość okresu wegetacyjnego w perspektywie do 2030 r. wydłuży się o 11–17 dni, a perspektywie do 2050 r. – o 22–30 dni.

EN

The aim of this study was to assess changes in the length of the growing season in Poland in the multi-year period of 1971–2009 and projected climate conditions for the years 2030 and 2050. The length of the growing season in the years of 1971–2009 was determined based on daily data from 48 synoptic stations of IMGW-PIB. The analysis of changes in the length of the growing season in the future was performed for two places in Poland: Grabów (Central Poland) and Laskowice (South-Western Poland), according to the emission scenarios A1B and A2 and three climate models: ECHAM5/MPI-OM (ECHAM), HadCM3 (HadCM) and NCAR-PCM (NCAR). It has been show that in the years of 2001–2009, growing season in Poland was by about 8 days longer than in the years 1971–2000. The biggest changes were found in north-western Poland, where the period was extended by more than 9 days, and near Koszalin and Ustka – by about 16 days. According to the climate scenarios adopted to the 2030, growing season in central Poland will be extended by about 10–14 days compared with that in the years 1971–2000, and by about 18–27 days in the 2050. In south-western Poland, the growing season in 2030 will be extended by about 11–17 days, and in the 2050 – by about 22–30 days.

16

Możliwości wykorzystania danych satelitarnych do wyznaczania początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego

Siłuch M., Bartoszek K.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2012

|

T. 12, z. 2

245-255

PL

Celem pracy jest ocena możliwości wykorzystania danych satelitarnych do określania dat początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego. Analizowane charakterystyki zostały wyznaczone na podstawie wartości wskaźnika wegetacji Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) oraz obrazów satelitarnych o rozdzielczości przestrzennej 500 m, pochodzących ze skanera MODIS (produkt MOD12Q2). Stosując tę metodę, daty początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego wyznaczono dla obszarów w promieniu 10 km od miejsca położenia trzech posterunków meteorologicznych na terenie Lubelszczyzny: Czesławic k. Nałęczowa, Felina (wschodnia część Lublina) oraz Bezka k. Chełma. Okres badań obejmował lata 2001-2009, zaś daty odnosiły się do wybranych rodzajów pokrycia terenu (gruntów ornych, łąk i lasów). Stwierdzono, że na podstawie danych wyznaczonych na bazie wskaźnika EVI okres wegetacyjny trwał średnio o miesiąc krócej w stosunku do charakterystyk, obliczonych metodami tradycyjnymi, tj. Gumińskiego i Huculaka-Makowca. Ponadto początek okresu wegetacyjnego, wyznaczonego metodą teledetekcyjną, był istotnie statystycznie skorelowany ze średnią wartością temperatury powietrza w okresie styczeń-marzec oraz z liczbą dni z pokrywą śnieżną od grudnia do marca. Z kolei daty końca okresu wegetacyjnego wykazywały największą współzmienność z sumami promieniowania całkowitego we wrześniu

EN

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using satellite data to determine dates of the onset and end of the growing season. The analysed characteristics were determined based on the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and satellite images with spatial resolution of 500 m, derived from MODIS scanner (MOD12Q2 product). Based on this method, dates of the onset and end of the growing season were determined for areas within 10 km from the location of three meteorological stations in the Lublin Region: Czesławice near Nałęczów, Felin (eastern district of Lublin) and Bezek near Chełm. The study period covered the years 2001-2009 and dates referred to the selected land cover types (arable lands, meadows and forests). It was found that the growing season determined with the remote sensing method was on average shorter by one month compared with that estimated with traditional methods such as those by Gumiński and Huculak-Makowiec. The onset of the growing season was significantly correlated with the mean air temperature in January-March period and the number of days with snow cover from December to March. In addition, dates of the end of growing season showed the highest correlation with the sum of the total radiation in September.

17

Porównanie wybranych metod wyznaczania dat początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego na przykładzie Lubelszczyzny

Bartoszek K., Węgrzyn A., Kaszewski B. M., Siłuch M.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2012

|

Z. 1

123-134

PL

Celem pracy jest porównanie dat początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego obliczonych dwiema tradycyjnymi metodami oraz ocena zróżnicowania tak określonych dat na przykładzie wybranych punktów pomiarowych na obszarze Lubelszczyzny. Dane dotyczące średnich dobowych wartości temperatury powietrza z lat 1976-2010 pochodziły z 5 stacji meteorologicznych z obszaru Lubelszczyzny: Bezek, Lublin-Radawiec, Terespol, Włodawa i Zamość. Ocenę zróżnicowania między analizowanymi dwiema metodami dokonano, stosując test U Manna-Whitneya oraz Kołmogorowa-Smirnowa. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań należy stwierdzić, że przy wyznaczaniu średniej wieloletniej daty początku oraz końca okresu wegetacyjnego można zamiennie stosować zarówno metodę Huculaka i Makowca, jak i Gumińskiego, gdyż zostały wykazane nieistotne różnice między datami określonymi obiema metodami. Średnie daty początku okresu wegetacyjnego różniły się między metodami maksymalnie o dwa dni. Według metody Gumińskiego największa liczba dat początku okresu wegetacyjnego przypadała między 31 marca a 6 kwietnia, a według metody Huculaka i Makowca między 24 a 30 marca, który to okres wyróżniał się znacznie na tle pozostałych przedziałów czasowych. W przypadku końca okresu wegetacyjnego według metody Gumińskiego na wszystkich stacjach meteorologicznych największa liczba dat przypadała między 27 października a 9 listopada, a według metody Huculaka i Makowca najwięcej dat było w okresie od 27 października do 2 listopada.

EN

The aim of this study is the assessment of the differences between the results of using two methods (Gumiński and Huculak-Makowiec) of determining onset and end of the growing season. Daily mean air temperature data in the period 1976-2010 were gathered for five meteorological stations in the area of the Lublin Region: Bezek, Lublin-Radawiec, Terespol, Włodawa and Zamość. The assessment of the differences between the two methods were made using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mean dates of onset of the growing season calculated on the basis of Gumiński and Huculak- -Makowiec methods differed only by a maximum of two days. Studies have shown that in the period 1976-2010 both methods usually pointed different growing season which was characterized by the earliest or latest start and end of the season. At all meteorological stations, the distribution of dates for onset of the growing season was close to normal, but between two methods some differences in its specificity were observed. On the basis of class intervals of seven days it can be concluded that after Gumiński's method the largest number of dates of onset of the growing season fell between 31st March and 6th April, while after the Huculak-Makowiec method it was the period between 24th and 30th March. Dates of end of the growing season for all meteorological stations fell at the turn of October and November. The difference between dates calculated on the basis of two methods was negligible - it was only 2 days. At all meteorological stations the largest number of dates of end of the growing season fell between 27th October and 9th November after the Gumiński method, and between 27th October - 2nd November, after the Huculak-Makowiec method.

18

Ocena przydatności danych gridowych w wyznaczaniu dat początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego

Bartoszek K., Węgrzyn A., Kaszewski B. M., Siłuch M.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2012

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Z. 1

109-121

PL

Celem pracy jest określenie przydatności danych pochodzących z reanaliz (dane gridowe) do określania dat początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego. Z tego względu dokonano porównania otrzymanych wyników z charakterystykami okresu wegetacyjnego, które zostały wyznaczone na podstawie wartości temperatury powietrza pochodzących z pomiarów bezpośrednich na wybranych stacjach meteorologicznych. Średnie dobowe wartości temperatury powietrza z lat 1976-2010 pozyskano z 5 stacji meteorologicznych z obszaru Lubelszczyzny: Bezek, Lublin-Radawiec, Terespol, Włodawa i Zamość. Ponadto skorzystano ze średnich dobowych wartości temperatury powietrza pochodzących z reanalizy NCEP/NCAR, ERA-40/Interim oraz z bazy danych E-OBS, wersja 4.0. Ocenę zróżnicowania między seriami dat początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego dokonano, stosując test U Manna- Whitneya oraz Kołmogorowa-Smirnowa. Współczynniki korelacji między wyznaczonymi datami początku i końca okresu wegetacyjnego na podstawie danych gridowych a datami opartymi na pomiarach bezpośrednich odznaczały się wysoce istotną statystycznie współzmiennością (na poziomie a=0,01), niezależnie od punktu pomiarowego i zastosowanej metody. Zostały natomiast stwierdzone istotne statystycznie różnice (a=0,05) między datami obliczonymi na podstawie danych pochodzących z reanalizy NCEP/NCAR a datami określonymi z pozostałych serii danych. W badanym okresie daty wyznaczone obiema metodami wykazywały na każdej stacji meteorologicznej tendencję do coraz wcześniejszego początku okresu wegetacyjnego. Z ostrożnością jednakże należy formułować wnioski w nawiązaniu do istotności statystycznej współczynników kierunkowych trendów, które zostały określone przy zastosowaniu danych gridowych.

EN

The aim of this paper is the assessment of differences between the characteristics of the growing season calculated on the basis of air temperature values derived from meteorological stations and referring to the results of various reanalysis (grid data). Daily mean air temperature data in the period 1976-2010 were gathered from five meteorological stations in the area of the Lublin Region: Bezek, Lublin-Radawiec, Terespol, Włodawa and Zamość. To evaluate the usefulness of the grid data to determine dates for onset and end of growing season, daily mean air temperature values derived from NCEP/NCAR, ERA-40/Interim reanalysis and E-OBS database v.4.0. To determine dates for onset and end of growing season Gumiński and Huculak-Makowiec methods were used. Assessment of the differences between dates derived from different databases were made using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Correlation coefficients between dates derived from grid data and dates referred to meteoroŹlogical station measurements were characterized by a highly statistically significant values (a=0,01). Moreover, statistically significant differences (a=0,05) between dates calculated on the basis of grid data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and dates derived from the other databases were found. In the period 1976-2010 a tendency to an earlier onset of the growing season was observed. In the case of the Gumiński method, a statistically significant (a=0,05) downward trend in Terespol was indicated. Referred to Huculak-Makowiec method the same results were obtained but in Bezek and Zamość. Dates of end of the growing season determined on the basis of both methods and all analyzed databases indicated an upward trend. In this case, statistically significant trend coefficients were indicated for the Gumiński method in Włodawa, whereas for the Huculak-Makowiec method in Bezek and Zamość.

19

Warunki termiczne Rolniczej Stacji Doświadczalnej w Zawadach

Rak J., Koc G., Radzka E., Jankowska J.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2007

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Vol. 16, No. 3

84--89

EN

The aim of the present paper is to analyse thermal conditions at the Zawady Experimental Farm (EF). The work utilises the results of measurements of average 24-hour air temperature from 2002-2006 obtained from an automatic meteorological station (geographical location: Hs - 150 m, φ - 52.06N, λ - 22.56E) situated in the Zawady EF. On the basis of the results of observations an average monthly air temperature as well as average yearly air temperature were calculated, the values and dates of an occurrence of minimum and maximum 24-hour air temperatures were determined, the length, beginning and end of meteorological growing seasons were determined, and the number of days in the temperature ranges of the winter and summer period were calculated. The average yearly air temperature at the Zawady EF ranged from 7.9°C (2004) to 8.9°C (2002).

20

Krzewienie się żyta w niskich temperaturach w okresie jesienno-zimowym

Doroszewski A.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2005

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T. 5, z. spec.

107-118

PL

Na podstawie przeprowadzonych doświadczeń z żytem stwierdzono, że faza krzewienia może przebiegać w stosunkowo niskich temperaturach. Gdy temperatura powietrza, mierzona na wysokości 2 m nad powierzchnią gruntu, wynosiła -3,2°C (średnia z 53 dni), przybyło 0,45 pędów żyta, gdy -2,5°C (średnia z 36 dni) - o prawie jeden pęd boczny, a gdy -2,5°C (średnia ze 175 dni) - o dwa pędy. Natomiast gdy temperatura wynosiła -0,4°C (średnia z 49 dni), liczba pędów zwiększyła się o 1,1, a gdy 1,2°C (średnia z 89 dni) - przybyło aż 11,6 pędów żyta. Krzewienie się w niskich temperaturach możliwe było w warunkach znacznej i długo zalegającej pokrywy śnieżnej, toteż rozwój roślin był uzależniony od temperatury najbliższego otoczenia. Proces krzewienia się następował już, gdy temperatura gleby wynosiła niewiele powyżej 0°C. Znaczne przyrosty liczby bocznych pędów żyta notowano w temperaturze niższej aż o 8,2 w 1998/1999 oraz 7,5°C w 1993/1994 i 1995/1996 od temperatury progowej 5°C, określającej początek i koniec wegetacji.

EN

Growing season is a very important period in agriculture, which determines growth and yields of plants. The growing season commences when daily average air temperature is ≥ 5°C and ends when air temperature is ≥ 5°C. Experiments carried out with rye showed that a phase of tillering may proceed at a relatively low temperature. In a period of time, when air temperature measured 2 m above the ground surface was -3.2°C (average of 53 days), the number of shoots rose by 0.45, whereas at air temperature equal -0.4°C (average of 49 days) the number of shoots increased by 1.1 and by one shoot when air temperature was -2.5°C (average of 36 days). Furthermore, there were 11.6 more shoots when air temperature was 1.2°C (average of 89 days). The tillering of rye was possible at low temperature with considerably thick and long lasting snow cover. Growth of rye depended on temperature of the nearest surroundings (soil), the process of tillering occurred at a temperature just above 0°C. Remarkable increments in the number of side rye shoots were noticed at temperatures lower by 8.2 in 1998/1999 and 7.5°C in 1993/1994 and 1995/1996 then a threshold value of 5°C, which defines the beginning and the end of the growing season.