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1

Study of Hydrochemical Characteristics in the Middle Moulouya Basin of Morocco

Saadi Omar, Dimane Fouad, Nouayti Nordine, Nouayti Abderrahime, Bourjila Abdelhak

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

220--232

EN

This study analyzes the effects of dry land salinity, climate severity, and pollution on groundwater quality in the Middle Moulouya basin. Our research provides insights into certain pollutants and their sources and discusses the impact of saline soil and dry weather. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is essential for managing water resources and promoting sustainable resource use in the area. In fact, the use of a database relating to the major elements, viz. potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonates (HCO3-), sulfates (SO42-, nitrates (NO3-), chlorides (Cl-) has proved to be effective to assess the hydrochemical features of groundwaters and their suitability for both aims (i.e., irrigation and drinking). The Middle Moulouya basin’s subterranean water is slightly acidic to basic, with a pH range of 6.8 to 7.66 and mild to brackish water at specific sites. Furthermore, in line with the hydrochemistry diagrams, groundwater can be classified into three main types: Ca-Cl, Ca-HCO3, and Ca-Mg-Cl type. Moreover, the results pertaining to the overall quality of groundwater regarding Moroccan control standards guidelines indicate that: (i) 32.43% of the groundwater samples are of excellent quality, (ii) 24.32% of the collected water points are of good quality, (iii) 32.43% have medium quality, (iiii) and only 10.82% are of poor and very poor quality (i.e., 5.41% for each class). Finally, based on the Wilcox method, a significant percentage of groundwater sites are suitable for farming.

2

A comprehensive review of the salinity assessment in groundwater resources of Iran

Mohammadi Arasteh Saeed, Shoaei Seyyed Mohammad

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 1

385--403

EN

The main purpose of the present research is to propose a comprehensive attitude of the salinity in groundwater resources of Iran using 116 papers in the assessment of groundwater quality in different areas of the country. The conducted study contains the measurement of the values of physicochemical parameters of which electrical conductivity (EC), as the fundamental parameter for salinity determination of groundwater, was considered mostly, and by comparing it with standards, as well as employing the Wilcox diagram, the quality of water was assessed for drinking and agricultural purposes, respectively. Study of the previous papers revealed that in only the west and northwest of the country, the groundwater quality was suitable for drinking, and in the majority of provinces, EC values exceeded the recommended limits. The highest EC level was seen in central provinces which led to the aggravation of groundwater and the largest proportion of salinity, putting the quality of water in an unsuitable class for drinking. Additionally, the assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation uses using the Wilcox diagram showed high and very high salinity rates in most areas of the study area. Northwestern provinces relatively had the lowest level putting in C3-S1 class, while central areas reached the highest with C4-S4 classification. Deficiency of rainfall, high rate of groundwater exploitation, and the intrusion of saltwater from Salt Lake were the principal reasons for groundwater deterioration in central parts of the study area.

3

Spatial distribution prediction for the ground water quality in Mosul City (Iraq) using variogram equations

Al-Tamir Mus'ab A., Ibrahim Abdullah

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2023

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Vol. 32, No. 2

186--197

EN

The GIS-aided spatial interpolation was applied on collected groundwater data to predict selected parameters (i.e., pH, electrical conductivity, and temperature) for the selected water wells distributed over Mosul City in Iraq. A descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on collected samples to explore the statistical indices. The skewness test was also employed to test the distribution of data sets around their mean values. The natural logarithms function achieved least skewness values and thus was applied to transfer data sets in order to adjust normality of the data sets distribution. Among all applied semivariogram models, the J-Bessel semivariogram model was optimal in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) values. The average standard errors were 0.2217, 740.5, and 1.209 for pH, EC, and temperature, respectively.

4

Implementation of the Quality and Creating GIS Maps for Groundwater in Babylon, Iraq

Al Mousawi Eman, Jahad Udai A., Mahmoud Ammar Shaker, Chabuk Ali, Naje Ahmed Samir, Al-Ansari Nadhir, Laue Jan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

310--321

EN

In times of water scarcity, groundwater is a vital resource that provides an alternate source of water for human consumption. In Iraq, the quality of rivers has been greatly affected by climate change and the dwindling availability of surface water. Examining and classifying the groundwater in this region is now vital. The present study sought to incorporate the groundwater property data (drinking purpose) with a geographic information system (GIS). Eleven variables were measured in 25 wells to investigate the physio-chemical properties around the Babylon province of Iraq. On the basis of the acceptability of groundwater for drinking, GWQI was categorized into four primary groups in the results. Approximately 28% of the twenty-five wells (1811.04 km2) are of excellent quality, 24% are of good quality (1552.3 km2), 44% are of low quality (2845.9 km2), and 4% are extremely contaminated (2587.2 km2). The average GWQI for the entire study region was 110.7, making it inappropriate for human consumption. It has been determined that approximately 52% of the groundwater from the examined wells can be deemed safe for consumption, although certain measurements surpass the permissible limits. To guarantee that the residents in these areas are supplied with water of superior quality and safety, treatment of the tested groundwater is recommended before use.

5

Risk of Groundwater Contamination by Domestic Wastewater in Rural Areas of the Province of Al Hoceima, Northern Morocco

Kamari Salim, El Ouarghi Hossain, Ghalit Mohammad, Makan Abdelhadi, Bourjila Abdelhak

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

104--120

EN

Groundwater is crucial for meeting the water needs of rural communities, serving both domestic and agricultural purposes. However, its quality in our study area remains unclear. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and ascertain the level of contamination risk associated with the use of septic tanks in rural communities within the Al Hoceima province. This will be achieved by conducting a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters and employing effective indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), and Chronic Health Risk (CHR). In February 2023, we collected samples from 33 wells, spanning densely and sparsely populated regions, to account for potential variations in water quality. The analyzed parameters included pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO43-), and silica (SiO2). Our findings revealed slightly alkaline groundwater with TDS levels ranging from 1508.63 mg/l to 8289.8 mg/l, with an average of 3223.19 mg/l. The cation dominance sequence observed was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ >NH4+, while for anions, it followed as SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > NO3- > PO43- > NO2-. The Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated contamination in 54.55% of the wells, with notably higher NPI values in densely populated regions. This suggests anthropogenic nitrate contamination, likely originating from septic tanks. The assessment of Chronic Health Risk (CHR) revealed non-carcinogenic health risks in 27.27% of samples for children and 15.15% for adults. Given these findings, it is imperative for Moroccan authorities, despite the efforts of the Loukkos Hydraulic Basin Agency (LHBA), to implement strategic measures to protect groundwater quality in densely populated rural regions.

6

Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of an Abandoned Mining Site – The M'fis Mine, Southeast of Morocco

Abdellaoui Mohamed, Abdaoui Abdellali, Boukhoubza Fadila, Ait Boughrous Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

292--299

EN

The diagnosis of the current state of the environment (groundwater quality and tailings composition) was carried out in the vicinity of the M’fis mine (Southeast of Morocco) in order to evaluate the impact of mine tailings on groundwater. Water samples from the well in the center of the mine site and from other nearby wells were collected and analyzed. In addition, the characterization of the tailings shows the presence of sulfides and other chemical elements, constituting the main source of pollution. In turn, the results of geochemical analyses show that groundwater is characterized by low levels of metals, despite the presence of these pollutants in the tailings and in the waste rock piles. The concentrations of metallic trace elements in well groundwater, slightly exceeding the standards of potability (the WHO standard), remain acceptable for irrigation and for livestock. These results can be explained by the carbonate geological formation, constituting the transfer medium of the pollutants towards the aquifer and also by the weak circulation of the metal ions under the desert climate which prevent dissolution and infiltration.

7

Groundwater Quality Assessment of the Northern Region of the Middle Sébaou in Algeria, Using Water Quality Index and Multivariate Analysis

Rezig Amina, Mansour Dalila, Saggai Sofiane

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

148--153

EN

In Algeria, groundwater frequently serves as a main source of drinking water supply. Given the country’s geographical characteristics and water resource availability, many municipalities rely on groundwater to meet their drinking water needs.In this study, the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes in the northern region of the Middle Sébaou was assessed by obtaining hydrochemical data from ten groundwater samples in 2019. The study aimed to analyze and evaluate the hydrochemical composition of the groundwater using multivariate analysis and the water quality index (WQI) to determine its suitability for human consumption. Statistics showed that most of the groundwater analysis parameters are within acceptable limits except calcium (Ca2+) and bicarbonates (HCO3−) which exceed the potability standards set by the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Piper diagram demonstrates the existence of two hydrochemical facies: bicarbonate calcium and magnesium, and chloride as well as sulfate calcium and magnesium. According to the WQI values obtained in this study, ranging from 53.32 to 71.18, all of the groundwater samples exhibit good water quality based on the classification of the WQI method. On the basis of these results, the groundwater of the northern region of the Middle Sébaou is suitable for drinking purposes.

8

GIS and Index-Based Methods for Assessing the Human Health Risk and Characterizing the Groundwater Quality of a Coastal Aquifer

Foufou Atif, Haied Nadjib, Azlaoui Mohamed, Khadri Samira, Boussaid Adel, Kechiched Rabah

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

36--53

EN

The massive dune aquifer of Bouteldja is one of the most exploited aquifers in Algeria; as a result, its piezometric level has declined. Such pressure on the dune aquifer, in addition to its moderate-to-severe vulnerability to pollution, may lead to deterioration of groundwater quality. This study is intended to assess the quality of aquifer groundwater for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes, and also to evaluate health risks. To this end, we analyzed data of 16 physicochemical parameters collected from 25 groundwater samples. Using the Durov diagram, principal component analysis (PCA), and Pearson’s correlation matrix, we found that most major ions show similar origins related to ion exchange and the proximity of the sea. Our results showed that, overall, the groundwater intended for drinking purposes was of good or excellent quality over most the aquifer, where the majority of wells are located. However, the groundwater is mostly unsuitable for irrigation purposes according to the Kelly index (KI), percentage of sodium (Na %), magnesium hazard (MH), and irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Further, calculations of corrosivity ratios (CRs) indicated that the groundwater is unsuitable for industrial uses. Finally, a health risk assessment of iron heavy metal related to the hazard index (HI) for both ingestion and dermal exposure in children and adults showed negligible-to-low risk from iron exposure.

9

Application of the Water Quality Index to Assess Groundwater Quality in the Bou Dhar Mining District in Beni Tajjit (High Atlas, Morocco)

Abdellaoui Mohamed, Abdellaoui Omar, Abdaoui Abdellali, Ait Boughrous Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

247--260

EN

Water scarcity remains the main problem in Morocco, making water resource conservation paramount. The objective of this study is to shed light on how mining impacts the region of Beni Tajjit’s groundwater resources, which are used for irrigation and watering, which includes the Bou Dhar mining district, known for its vast lead and zinc sulfide deposits. The oxidation of sulfide-rich mine tailings generates acid water loaded with sulfates, creating acid mine drainage (AMD), which hurts aquatic ecosystems and the environment through trace metals elements (TME). Hence the need to assess the possible contamination of aquifers by metallic pollutants. This work can help water managers make appropriate decisions for controlling the quality of the groundwater in the Beni Tajjit area. During this study, we adopted a method: the Water Quality Index (WQI), designed to indicate the overall level of water quality by aggregating various weighted measurements. Five samples representing water sources around the mine tailings were taken and analyzed. Their values of dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and pH were measured on-site. The results allow us to classify the water into good and bad categories. They showed that the TME values were practically lower than the maximum permitted level according to WHO norms and Moroccan irrigation standards. The main reason for this may be due to the carbonate geological context of the site, which buffers acidity and thus forms a chemical barrier against the transfer of TME to the aquifer. The high chlorine levels appear due to geochemical background or anthropogenies contaminations. The sulfate values recorded are related to the leaching of sulfide minerals from mine tailings.

10

Groundwater-yielding capacity, water-rock interaction, and vulnerability assessment of typical gneissic hydrogeologic units using geoelectrohydraulic method

Akingboye Adedibu Sunny, Bery Andy Anderson, Kayode John Stephen, Ogunyele Abimbola Chris, Adeola Adedapo Oluwasanu, Omojola Olumide Olubusayo, Adesida Adeola Samuel

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 2

697--721

EN

Geohydraulic parameters, namely hydraulic conductivity (K), transmissivity (T), effective porosity (φ), permeability (kp), anisotropy coefficient (λ), and longitudinal conductance (S), of aquifer units in Etioro-Akoko, southwestern Nigeria, were evaluated using the Schlumberger vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique. This study aimed to understand the hydrodynamics and water–rock interaction of the near-surface crustal architecture to determine the groundwater yield and vulnerability of the aquifer units in the study area. A total of 7 model curve types were generated for fifty-two geoelectrical surveyed points, with percentage distributions in the order of HA>AA>H>KH>A>HK>AK. The VES curve models constrained the subsurface layers into topsoil, weathered units, weathered/fractured bedrock units, and fresh bedrock. The weathered and fractured aquifer zones occurred at the depths of 8 m and>16 m (with depths exceeding 26.5 m for some sections). The K and T values for the aquifer units varied from 0.1901 to 0.6188 m/day and 0.7111 to 6.3525 m2/day, respectively. These parameters coupled with the aquifer φ (18.03–23.35%) and kp (0.028–0.089 µm2) classified the delineated aquifer units as low to moderate groundwater-yielding capacity aquifers, with recorded resistivity values between 85.1 Ω-m and<613.0 Ω-m. The observed positive correlations and R2 values with>32–100% prediction rates affirmed the dependence of K on T, φ, and kp for effective water–rock interactions and groundwater transmissibility. The recorded S values (0.0146–0.162 mhos) and low logarithm hydraulic resistance, Log C (0.89–1.75 years), suggested poor to weak aquifer protective capacity ratings, resulting in high aquifer vulnerability index delineated across the study area. As a result, deep-weathered/fractured aquifers should be exploited for sustainable potable groundwater supplies. However, intended wells/boreholes in the study area must be developed properly for long-term groundwater abstraction to alleviate potable groundwater deficit and optimize future operational drilling costs.

11

Evaluation of shallow groundwater quality under impact zones of livestock and poultry farms using self-organizing maps

Chen Jiayu, Gui Herong

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 5

2465--2479

EN

The shifting of livestock and poultry production systems from traditional small householder farms to semi-intensive and intensive farms has led to a gradual deterioration in the quality of shallow groundwater, which has attracted considerable attention from researchers. In this study, a combination of self-organizing map technology was used to identify the effects of livestock and poultry farms on shallow groundwater hydrochemistry. NO3–N content in the livestock and poultry farm water samples in summer and winter, as well as the NH4–N and NO2–N content in the water samples of livestock and poultry farm, respectively, in winter, were more vulnerable to external influences. Agricultural and industrial activities were important sources of Cl- and SO42- leaching in shallow groundwater in the study area. Silicate weathering is an important source of conventional ions in the shallow groundwater at these two sites. The water quality at livestock farms was mainly affected by farm activities and agricultural pollution in summer and winter, whereas that at poultry farms was mainly affected by industrial sources and natural sources.

12

Statistical analysis of groundwater quality at Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate

Dinka Megersa Olumana

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

45--50

EN

Quality assessment of shallow groundwater table is very important because it is the water that recharges deeper aquifers and constantly feeds the water levels of our surface streams and wetlands. Continuous monitoring of large number of quality parameters is essential for effective maintenance of water quality through appropriate control measures. However, it is very difficult and laborious task for regular monitoring of all the parameters even if adequate manpower and laboratory facilities are available. Therefore, this study presents the statistical analysis of physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl, CO3, SO4, TH, B, F) using correlation and Principal Component Analysis. The statistical analysis of the groundwater quality variables indicated that most of the variables are highly correlated. The strong correlation is an opportunity to develop a regression equation and monitor using few parameters. This provides an easy and rapid method of continuous groundwater quality monitoring. Moreover, groundwater of the area showed significant compositional variation. The compositional variability has implications for the source and origin of groundwater quality in the study area.

13

Hydrochemical characterisation of groundwater using multifactorial approach in Foum el Gueiss basin, Northeastern Algeria

Lakhdari Somia, Kachi Slimane, Valles Vincent, Barbiero Laurent, Houha Belgacem, Yameogo Suzanne, Jabrane Meryem, Dali Naouel

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

60--65

EN

Knowledge of the quantity and quality of groundwater is a prerequisite to encourage investment in the development of a region and to consider the sedentarisation of populations. This work synthesises and analyses data concerning the chemical quality of the available water acquired in the Foum el Gueiss catchment area in the Aures massif. Two families of waters are observed, on the one hand, calcium and magnesian chlorated-sulphate waters and on the other hand, calcium and magnesium bicarbonate waters. Multivariate statistical treatments (Principal Component Analysis – PCA and Discriminant Analysis – DA) highlight a gradient of minerality of the waters from upstream to downstream, mainly attributed to the impact of climate, and pollution of agricultural origin rather localised in the lower zones. These differences in chemical composition make it possible to differentiate spring, well and borehole waters. The main confusion is between wells and boreholes, which is understandable because they are adjacent groundwater, rather in the lower part of the catchment area. The confusion matrix on the dataset shows a complete discrimination with a 100% success rate. There is a real difference between spring water and other samples, while the difference between wells and boreholes is smaller. The confusion matrix for the cross-validation (50%).

14

Assessment of groundwater quality and their vulnerability to pollution using GQI and DRASTIC indices

Mardiana Siti, Anzum Rabeya, Dwijendra Ngakan Ketut Acwin, Al Sarraf Ahmad Azhar Mansoor, Timoshin Anton, Sergushina Elena, Muda Iskandar, Zhilnikova Natalia, Mustafa Yasser Fakri, Tikhomirov Evgeny

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

138--142

EN

Surface and groundwater resources are two important sources in meeting agricultural, urban, and industrial needs. Random supply of surface water resources has prevented these resources from being a reliable source of water supply at all times. Therefore, groundwater acts as insurance in case of water shortage, and maintaining the quality of these resources is very important. On the other hand, studying vulnerability and identifying areas prone to aquifer pollution seems necessary for the development and optimal management of these valuable resources. Identifying the vulnerabilities of the aquifer areas to pollution will lead to a greater focus on preserving those areas. Therefore, groundwater quality assessment was performed in this study using the groundwater quality index (GQI), and groundwater vulnerability to pollution was assessed using the DRASTIC index. GQI is developed based on the values of six quality parameters (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-, and TDS). The DRASTIC index is developed based on the values of seven parameters (depth to the water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity). The zoning of both indexes has been done using geographic information system (GIS) software. The results show that the GQI of the region was about 93, and its DRASTIC index was about 86. Therefore, the quality of aquifer groundwater is excellent, and its vulnerability to pollution is low.

15

Assessment of characteristics, water quality and groundwater vulnerability in Pakis District, East Java Province, Indonesia

Rubiantoro Prasetyo, Bisri Mohammad, Afandhi Aminudin

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

124--132

EN

Groundwater is a very important natural resource to support the activities of the residents of Pakis District, Malang Regency. On the other hand, increased activity puts pressure on groundwater quality. Agricultural intensification, urbanisation, and industrialisation can be sources of pollutants. Hydrological factors, topography, lithology, and surrounding rainfall are triggers for contamination of groundwater. The main objective of this research is to determine the characteristics, quality of groundwater, and its susceptibility to pollution. To complete this research, geoelectric measurements were carried out at 43 points spread throughout the study area and sampling of 18 shallow wells in agricultural, residential, and industrial areas for chemical analysis. All data obtained were analysed to create a map of the spatial distribution of groundwater vulnerability. The results show that the groundwater in the study location is in the transition zone and flows through the volcanic rock layers. The level of groundwater pollution is in the uncontaminated status to heavily polluted with pollutants in the form of heavy metal manganese and Escherichia coli bacteria. The spatial distribution of groundwater intrinsic vulnerability shows low, moderate, and high levels of vulnerability, respectively 32.99%, 60.87%, and 6.14% of the research area. Groundwater specific vulnerability associated with land use factors shows that 26.25% are negligible, 42.46% are low, and 31.29% are moderate. From this it can be concluded that the study area has been polluted both geogenically and anthropogenically, therefore, special actions must be taken to restore the quality of groundwater.

16

Identification of Groundwater Quality by Statistical Methods and a Mathematical Method in the Khemisset–Tiflet Region

Zahra Elassassi, Ihsane Ougrad, Jihan Faouzi, Abdeslam Abid, Amal Saad, Fouzia Nhari, Mohmed Fadli, Abdelaziz Chaouch

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

115--124

EN

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources that is overexploited and extensively polluted by human activity. Furthermore, drinking this dirty water might have major consequences for human health. Before using groundwater, it is consequently required to conduct a precise and regular assessment of its quality. Furthermore, for five monitoring stations in the Khemisset-Tiflet region, cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and a fuzzy logic technique were utilized to analyze water quality. The CA classified the sample sites into three categories. The PCA identified temporal characteristics of water quality status. Group I include stations characterized by high temperature and low DO, COD, and BOD5 values. Group II includes stations characterized by high values of pH and low concentrations of NO3-, Cl-, SO42- and turbidity. Group III includes stations characterized by high concentrations of NO3-, Cl-, SO42- and turbidity and low concentrations of pH. In addition, fuzzy logic to reveal more information about groundwater quality. In effect, water quality in spring and winter was the best; the parameters responsible for the deterioration of water quality are NO3-, Cl-, SO42- and turbidity.

17

Assessment of Water Quality Using Water Quality Index (WQI): Case Study of Bakoya Aquifer, Al Hoceima, Northern Morocco

Benaissa Chaimae, Bouhmadi Belkacem, Rossi Abdelhamid, El Hammoudani Yahya, Dimane Fouad

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

31--44

EN

This work developed a groundwater quality index for the BAKOYA aquifer of the Al Hoceima city, Morocco, as well as the monitoring of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of major chemical elements in the water used as drinking water for a large population of the region. The samples were taken in the coastal aquifer Bakoya Al Hoceima. The waters of the Rif region are highly mineralized and marked by sodium chloride or sodium-sulfate facies related mainly to a process of marine intrusion and dissolution of evaporite minerals included in the site rocks. The results obtained with the WQI index showed that 12 samples are eligible for excellent quality, while 18 samples are not good enough for consumption as drinking water. The results show that the groundwater samples studied are characterized by medium to high salinity, exceeding 4000 μS/cm. This mineralization of marine beginning is somewhat because of the severe abuse of groundwater and avalanches, known in the region because of the earthquake, which accelerates the phenomenon of saltwater intrusion in the coastal karstic aquifer. The salinity of this water reaches salinization levels C3 and C4, as classified by the Wilcox diagram, and the waters of the Bakoya massif have been qualified as very hard. Examination of the hydrochemical results with the drinking water quality norms set by the World Health Organization shows that most of the water inspected is not suitable for utilization, mainly because of the high levels of EC, TDS, and linked to marine intrusion, as well as the urban pollution factor that increases the content in the water.

18

Groundwater quality and risk of pollution from natural, human and urban transport activities in the drini basin

Beqaj Blerina, Çobani Entela

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 111

5--13

EN

Groundwater quality study was conducted in the Drini basin situated in the northern part of the Albanian territory. The objective of this study was to identify the quality of groundwater in four different well-defined monitoring sites. Groundwater is vital for the population and is considered to be subject to continuous exploitation with high growth intensity, and permanent risk of pollution from natural and human activities. Contamination of groundwater occurs when synthetic products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the groundwater and return it unsafe and unfit for human use. Groundwater monitoring was carried out according to a network, which aimed to include mainly the most intensive areas of exploitation and distribution in the aquifer. Samples were collected in two different months of June and October in four monitoring drilling sites and were analysed for those key indicators defined by the rules and procedures for the drafting and implementation of the national programme of environmental monitoring in Albania. The study results reveal that geological formation, human activities as well as environmental conditions affect groundwater quality. Complete chemical analysis revealed that the groundwater in this area results in medium hardness, has good physico-chemical properties, local pollution is encountered, and there is no massive pollution of the basin. They are waters with low mineralisation. Further, they are neutral waters, which meet the allowed norm for drinking water. The pollution displayed is occasional, as the presence of NH4+ and NO2- are isolated cases, manifested mainly by the non-application of areas of strictness and sanitary protection around the drill and the small cover of the subaxillary layer. The analysis performed for microelements shows that the content of some heavy metals is below the maximum allowed amount; this demands serious future attention to the density of the network and the monitoring frequency in this basin. The risk of pollution in the Drini basin is high due to the small protective cover, especially in the source of Dobrac. Intensive exploitation can lead to the mixing of fresh water with water with high mineralisation. The concentration of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Na+, K+ and Cl− in the water samples known as the major pollutants from the urban transport sector, has shown that the values are within the water quality standard. The low concentration of these pollutants was due to the distance of the drilling sites from the roads in these areas.

19

Hormony w środowisku wodnym w Polsce – potencjalne zagrożenie dla województw podlaskiego, wielkopolskiego i mazowieckiego

Ciślak Marianna

Technologia Wody

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2021

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Nr 4 (78)

42--47

PL

W artykule omówiono zagrożenia związane z obecnością hormonów w wodach powierzchniowych i podziemnych. Wskazano również regiony w Polsce szczególnie narażone na obecność estrogenów. Najprawdopodobniej największy ładunek estrogenów dostarczany jest do środowiska wraz ze ściekami rolniczymi, przede wszystkim z hodowli krów i loch. Ze względu na rozkład ilościowy samic bydła i trzody chlewnej na terenie Polski, najprawdopodobniej najwyższe stężenia estrogenów w wodach gruntowych i powierzchniowych mogą występować w województwach podlaskim, wielkopolskim i mazowieckim. Ze względu na zaopatrywanie ponad 2,2 mln mieszkańców wsi w wodę pitną z prywatnych ujęć wody, istotne jest sprawdzenie jakości wód gruntowych na terenach wiejskich, w rejonach szczególnie narażonych na obecność estrogenów.

EN

The article presents the risks associated with the presence of hormones in surface and ground waters. Regions in Poland particularly exposed to the presence of estrogens were also indicated. Probably the largest load of estrogens is delivered to the environment along with agricultural sewage, mainly from cows and sows. Due to the quantitative distribution of cattle and pigs female in Poland, potentially the highest concentrations of estrogens in groundwater and surface waters may occur in podlaskie, wielkopolskie and mazowieckie province. Due to the supply of drinking water to over 2.2 million rural residents from private water intakes, it is important to check the quality of groundwater in rural areas, in regions particularly exposed to the presence of estrogens.

20

Physicochemical Characterization of the Quality of Groundwater: Case Study of the Tebessa Plain (North-East Algeria)

Ghrieb Lassaad, Maoui Ammar, Boudjebieur Essia, Gueroui Yacine

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2021

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Vol. 31, no. 3

18--36

EN

In order to characterize the physicochemical quality of groundwater, and to examine the behavior of factors influencing water chemism in the Tebessa Plain, which is part of a semi-arid region located in the northeast of Algeria, physicochemical analyses were carried out on 32 water samples from the Mio-Plio quaternary water table. In the east of the study region, in the Djebissa area, most of the Triassic formations form a depression made up of masses of gypsiferous clay, where some outcrops of Triassic dolomites appear together with several blocks of carbonate rocks, torn off during the Aptian-Albian age. In the center and to the west of the plain, carbonate formations are represented by a significant layer of limestone marl and marl from the Cretaceous to Tertiary periods. The results obtained showed that the quality of the water is influenced by the heterogeneity of the geological formations. The concentrations of chlorides, sulphates and sodium are high in the eastern part of the study area, which can be explained by the impact of gypsum formations, confirmed by the Sr2+/Ca2+ ratio being greater than 3 ‰ for the majority of samples. In the wells of the Tebessa and Ain Chabro areas, the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonates increase due to the predominance of carbonate formations of borders. The use of the statistical tool confirmed the evaporitic origin of the anions, especially in the east of the study region.