On excavating soil in areas with a high groundwater level (cofferdam driven in permeable soils in river and maritime sites) seepage of water is a problem. In the design of the cofferdam, various flow conditions should be specified correctly, and the critical hydraulic head difference against seepage failure, Hc , must be estimated exactly. Although several methods have been proposed in the literature, they lead sometimes to great differences in the hydraulic head loss inducing failure. In this paper, the seepage failure problem of homogeneous (isotropic and anisotropic) and problem of multi-layered and isotropic sandy soil under axisymmetric flow conditions are mainly considered and analyzed using an explicit finite difference method implanted in the FLAC2D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) Code. Various parameters affecting the stability of the cofferdam were examined. It was found that the effect of excavation shapes; soil anisotropy and nonhomogeneity is significant for the reduction of the critical hydraulic head loss H/f corresponding to the zero effective passive earth pressure.
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