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Properties of Bentonites and Bentonite Mixtures used in Casting Processes

Paź S., Drożyński D., Górny M., Cukrowicz S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 2

35--40

EN

In this work, an assessment and comparison of the quality of selected bentonites and bentonite mixtures was made. The samples consisted of available foundry materials used for bonding green sands. Determining the homogeneity degree and specific surface area of the grains allowed us to compare the examined materials and determine their influence on other parameters. On the basis of a thermal analysis of the bentonites or bentonite mixtures, the changes occurring in the sample during its heating were determined. Determining the potential for ion exchange and montmorillonite content enabled us to assess the binding properties of the materials. The preparation of six green sands with different bentonites or bentonite mixtures gave us the opportunity to assess the changes in apparent density, permeability, compressive strength and friability as a function of humidity, and the impact of different materials on the mentioned parameters. Their charts were analyzed, and the molding sand with the addition of bentonite or a bentonite mixture was selected for which these parameters are favorable. On this basis, the best-presented binding material was assessed and selected.

2

Effectiveness of SCADA Systems in Control of Green Sands Properties

Ignaszak Z., Sika R., Perzyk M., Kochański A., Kozłowski J.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 1

5--12

EN

The paper undertakes an important topic of evaluation of effectiveness of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, used for monitoring and control of selected processing parameters of classic green sands used in foundry. Main focus was put on process studies of properties of so-called 1st generation molding sands in the respect of their preparation process. Possible methods of control of this processing are presented, with consideration of application of fresh raw materials, return sand (regenerate) and water. The studies conducted in one of European foundries were aimed at pointing out how much application of new, automated plant of sand processing incorporating the SCADA systems allows stabilizing results of measurement of selected sand parameters after its mixing. The studies concerned two comparative periods of time, before an implementation of the automated devices for green sands processing (ASMS - Automatic Sand Measurement System and MCM – Main Control Module) and after the implementation. Results of measurement of selected sand properties after implementation of the ASMS were also evaluated and compared with testing studies conducted periodically in laboratory.

3

Assessment criteria of bentonite binding properties

Żymankowska-Kumon S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 12, iss. 3

139-142

EN

The criteria, with which one should be guided at the assessment of the binding properties of bentonites used for moulding sands, are proposed in the paper. Apart from the standard parameter which is the active bentonite content, the unrestrained growth indicator should be taken into account since it seems to be more adequate in the estimation of the sand compression strength. The investigations performed for three kinds of bentonites, applied in the Polish foundry plants, subjected to a high temperature influences indicate, that the pathway of changes of the unrestrained growth indicator is very similar to the pathway of changes of the sand compression strength. Instead, the character of changes of the montmorillonite content in the sand in dependence of the temperature is quite different. The sand exhibits the significant active bentonite content, and the sand compression strength decreases rapidly. The montmorillonite content in bentonite samples was determined by the modern copper complex method of triethylenetetraamine (Cu(II)-TET). Tests were performed for bentonites and for sands with those bentonites subjected to high temperatures influences in a range: 100-700 C.

4

Investigation of carriers of lustrous carbon at high temperatures by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

Holtzer M., Bobrowski A., Grabowska B., Eichholz S., Hodor K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 10, iss. 4

61--68

EN

Lustrous carbon is very important in processes of iron casting in green sand. Lustrous carbon (pirografit) is a microcrystalline carbon form, which evolves from a gaseous phase. In the case of applying additions, generating lustrous carbon, for sands with bentonite, there is always a danger of emitting – due to a high temperature of liquid cast iron and a humidity - compounds hazardous for a human health. There can be: CO, SO2, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (the so-called: BTEX) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In order to asses the selected mixtures: bentonite – carrier of lustrous carbon, in which a coal dust fraction was limited, the thermogravimetric analysis and the analysis of evolving gases were performed. Examinations were carried out in the Applictaions Laboratory NITZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb/Bavaria, Germany. The NETZSCH TG 209 F1 Iris® thermal analyzer coupled to the BRUKER Optics FTIR TENSORTM, was used to measure.