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An overview of selected plate and shell FE models with graphic presentation of governing relations

Radwańska M.

Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences

2007

Vol. 14, No. 3

431-456

A survey of three forms (strong, weak and variational) of mathematical models is presented using expressive diagrams [1,2]. The primary and intermediate variables, governing field equations, constraint equations and variables specified by boundary conditions are components of the graphic representation of various FE (finite element) formulations. The attention is focused on linearly elastic plate element QUAD for Mindlin–Reissner theory and shell elements EAS4-ANS, EAS7-ANS based on CBRST (Continuum Based Resultant Shell Theory). In both cases the mixed FE models with the EAS (enhanced assumed strain) and ANS (assumed natural strain) concepts are used.

Koncepcja mapy tematycznej geografa a jej redakcyjne opracowanie przez kartografa

Macias A., Medyńska-Gulij B.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

2005

T. 37, nr 4

274-281

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie etapów przejścia od koncepcji autora, który w tym przypadku jest geografem, do graficznego wzorca opracowanego przez kartografa. Na podstawie konkretnego przykładu mapy tematycznej określono priorytety współpracy autor - redaktor kartograf oraz wskazano na różnice między postrzeganiem przez nich mapy tematycznej.

The article attempts not only to discuss how to present the contents of a thematic map, but most of all to establish the priorities of thematic map editing in collaboration between the author - geographer with a cartographer. Basing on an example of a thematic map the process of map elaboration was simulated. The cartographer's editorial work was executed in several stages. The first was the construction of a preliminary structure of the map, i.e. legend projects. The next was graphic editing of the generalization of the base map. Next came the selection of the graphic presentation method for the thematic layers of the map and the symbolization according to visual variables. The example showed that it was impossible to separate the stage of author's concept from editing, and that collaboration on various stages is necessary. The priorities of such collaboration include: defining the thematic range of the map suiting its readability, starting collaboration at the stage of preparation of the map's preliminary concept, arranging thematic layers according to the rules of cartographic editing. The author of the concept should be familiar with the rules of graphic design applied by the cartographer and, vice versa, the cartographer should have at least general understanding of the environment presented. Both sides should observe the map's functions and skills of the readers.