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1

Soil properties and crop yields as influenced by the frequency of straw incorporation in a rape-wheat-triticale rotation

Smagacz Janusz, Martyniuk Stefan

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

1--6

EN

Straw, particularly cereal straw, is a valuable by-product of crop production, which can be used for various purposes, e.g. as livestock feed and bedding or for making fuels, however it should primarily be retained on farmland in order to prevent soil organic matter (SOM) losses and thus to maintain or improve soil quality. The aim of this study was to analyze effects of the frequency of crop residues (straw) incorporation into the soil on the content of soil organic matter and on crop yields. There were the following experimental treatments: SR - straw of all crop in the rotation removed, S1 - straw of one crop per rotation incorporated, S2 - straw of two crops in the rotation incorporated, and S3 - straw of three crops incorporated into the soil (loamy sand). After 21 years of crop rotation with straw removal (SR) the SOM level in the soil slightly decreased to 14.4 g∙kg-1 soil DM, compared to that in 1997 (14.6 g∙kg-1). However, when straw of one crop (rape) per rotation was incorporated (S1) the content of SOM increased to 15.0 g∙kg-1 soil DM, and to 15.6 and 16.0 g∙kg-1 in S2 and S3 treatments, respectively. Straw retention had also a beneficial effect on the content of labile fractions of SOM (hot water extractable C and N). Grain yields and yield components of wheat and triticale, and seed yields of rape in the SR treatment were not significantly different from those obtained in S1, S2 and S3 treatments.

2

Enhancement of Quinoa Grain Yield and Nutritional Quality by Potassium Fertilization Combined with Foliar Spraying of Seaweed Extract

Ali El-Sayed El-Shahat El-Sayed, El-Samad Emad El-Din Hassanein Abd, Abdelaal Hala Ahmed, AbouSekken Mahmoud Saad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

341--356

EN

The current work was carried out during the two growing seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 at the Experimental Station of the Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menofia Governorate, Egypt. It aimed to investigate the effect of applying potassium fertilizer at 90, 140 and 190 kg K2O/ha combined with spraying applications of seaweed extract for four times in a 15-day interval starting at 40 days after sowing at rates of 0.0, 1.5 and 3.0 ml/L on the yield, mineral contents and nutritional quality of quinoa grains cv. CICA. A split-plot design was used in three replicates. Results reported that by increasing the application of potassium from 90 to 190 kg K2O/ha, gradual increases in all studied parameters of quinoa grains occurred in the seasons of 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, except for class B grain, Mg and fiber contents. Potassium application at 190 kg K2O/ha gave the highest significant values of all determined parameters in comparison with treatment of 90 kg K2O/ha. In most cases, insignificant differences were detected between potassium fertilizer levels of 140 and 190 kg K2O/ha. Spraying seaweed extract at 3.0 ml/L resulted in superiority of all studied characters except class B grain, Mg and fiber contents, followed by 1.5 ml/L treatment with insignificant differences between them in most cases. There were significant differences among spraying seaweed treatments on Ca, Fe, Mn, protein and fiber contents in both seasons, N, P and K during the first season, and grain yield/plant, total grain yield/ha and Zn content during the second season. The interaction between potassium fertilization levels and spraying applications of seaweed extract had significantly different effects on all studied characters during both seasons, except for Mg percentage. It is evident that the application of potassium fertilization at 140 or 190 kg K2O/ha combined with the spraying of seaweed extract at 3.0 ml/L caused an apparent enhancement of the yield, mineral contents and nutritional quality of quinoa grains during the two experimental seasons.

3

Productivity of Winter Wheat (T. aestivum, T. durum, T. spelta) Depending on Varietal Characteristics in the Context of Climate Change

Korkhova Margaryta, Panfilova Antonina, Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Smirnova Iryna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

236--244

EN

This article presents the results of studies of winter wheat species and varieties depending on the meteorological conditions of the research years. The purpose of the research is to determine the density of the productive stem, the mass of 1000 grains, the yield and quality of winter wheat grain, depending on the species and varietal composition. Methods. Experimental studies were conducted during 2015/2016–2020/2021 yrs in the experimental field of Mykolaiv National Agrarian University (Ukraine). Agricultural techniques for growing winter wheat of various species were generally accepted for the southern steppe zone of Ukraine. Its predecessor was sown peas. Results. It was determined that a larger number of productive stems per unit area (467–853 pcs./m2) formed plants of the studied varieties of soft winter wheat, while the smallest (443–694 pcs./ m2) were plants of winter durum wheat varieties. The largest mass of grain from one ear (1.06–1.20 g) on average over the years of research was formed by plants of spelt wheat varieties, and the smallest was formed 0.96–1.01 g of soft wheat plants. It was found that a higher yield of soft winter wheat (6.03 t/ha) on average over the years of research was formed in the Vidrada variety, hard wheat (5.58 t/ha) was formed in the Bosphorus variety, spelt was formed 5.36 t/ha in the Europa variety. The highest grain yield (7.13 t/ha) among the species and varieties put for study was provided by the Vidrada variety (T. aestivum) in 2016 yr, which was 5.3% more than in the variety Shestopalivka (T. aestivum), 5.9% more than the Linkor variety (T. durum), by 7.0% than the Bosphorus variety (T. durum), by 12.5% than that of the Europa variety (T. spelta) and 43.5% more than the Zorya Ukrainy variety (T. spelta). It was determined that the largest mass fraction of protein in grain was provided by the spelt Zorya Ukrainy wheat variety as 19.2–25.6% depending on the year of research, while the smallest was provided as 11.0–14.2% by the Shestopalivka soft wheat variety. In the conditions of the Southern steppe of Ukraine, to ensure a high grain yield (5.24–6.03 t/ha) with a high protein content (14.1–15.1%), it was recommended to sow the variety of soft winter wheat Vidrada, hard winter wheat as Linkor and spelt as Europe.

4

Current Trends in Sorghum Use, Grain Yield and Water Consumption Depending on the Hybrid Composition

Gamayunova Valentina, Honenko Lubov, Baklanova Tetiana, Pilipenko Tetiana

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

211-220

EN

The success of the crop production industry in the southern region of Ukraine always depended on weather and climatic factors. Among the factors of crop formation, the availability of moisture in plants occupied the first place. This dependence has been increasing in recent decades due to changes in the climatic conditions occurring not only in Ukraine, but also around the world. In this situation, it is necessary to improve the known elements of field crop cultivation technology and develop new measures to ensure the stability of the industry as well as reduce its dependence on climatic factors. This should help to obtain stable yield levels in all years, regardless of the significant deviations in temperature, precipitation and other weather factors. The solution of this issue is also becoming relevant in connection with the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, when the area of cultivation of agricultural products partially decreased. Adjustments to the development of measures also arise in connection with a significant reduction in the area of irrigated land. At the same time, it is necessary to select not only more drought-resistant crops for cultivation, but even their varieties or hybrids with a high level of productivity. After all, regardless of the specified state and a certain weakening of the economic capacity of agricultural enterprises, it is still necessary to receive the planned amount of crop production. This will determine not only the state of the agricultural sector, but also the stability of Ukraine as a whole.

5

The relationship between productivity and some drought tolerance indicators for several cultivars of bread wheat

Barhom Lubna, Touchan Hayat

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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Special Issue

171--175

EN

The research was conducted in Tartous Governorate during the two agricultural seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) under control conditions, the aim of the research is to study the relationship between the productivity of five promising strains of bread wheat (‘ACSAD 1256’, ‘Douma 58847’, ‘Douma 58585’, ‘Douma 64453’, ‘ACSAD 1149’) and two cultivars (‘Douma 2’ and ‘Douma 4’) and some quantitative indicators of drought: stress tolerance index (STI), mean of productivity (MP), modified stress tolerance index (MSTI), and relative yield (RY). Cultivation was carried out in pots filled with light sandy silty soil, and three treatments of 70, 50, and 30% of the field capacity were applied in addition to the control and with three replications for each treatment. The strains ‘Douma 58585’ and ‘Douma 58847’ gave high yield values for grain in the two agricultural seasons. It was also found that there were significant differences between the two seasons in yield between the control and drought stress factors and drought tolerance indicators, such as stress tolerance index, modified stress tolerance index (MSTI), mean of productivity (MP), and relative yield (RY). On the other hand, a positive and strong relationship was found between STI, MSTI, and MP in both treatments and both seasons. The research concluded that the best indicators, which were related to the productivity, whether in the control or transactions and in the two growing seasons together, are STI and MP, which are promising indicators in the classification of stress-tolerant cultivars or strains.

6

Soybean Productivity in Rice Crop Rotation Depending on the Impact of Biodestructor on Post-Harvest Rice Residues

Dudchenko Volodymyr, Markovska Olena, Sydiakina Olena

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 6

114--121

EN

The use of biodestructors in agricultural technologies for efficient decomposition of crop residues affects the number and species composition of soil fungi, especially pathogenic species, and as a consequence, plant productivity. However, to date, this issue has not been extensively studied. The purpose of this experiment was to develop an effective method of destruction of post-harvest residues using biological products to realize the productive potential of soybeans in rice crop rotation. The work was conducted on the experimental plots of the Institute of Rice NAAS (Skadovsk district, Kherson region, Ukraine) during 2016–2018. In the experiment, the treatment of post-harvest rice residues with a biodestructor Biocomplex-BTU "Ecostern" (1 l/ha) in combination with concentrated amide water-soluble fertilizer, carbamide (30 kg/ha) was carried out in autumn. Application of carbamide alone (30 kg/ha) was used as a control. "Ecostern" is a concentrated agent, which comprises antagonists of pathogenic microorganisms as well as fungi and bacteria that accelerate decomposition of plant residues. The application of biodestructor Biocomplex-BTU "Ecostern" (1 l/ha) in combination with carbamide increased the total number of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in the soil from 65.5 to 80.5 thousand /g of soil or by 22.9%. However, the content of pathogenic microflora under this condition was 21.8% lower compared to the control (30 kg/ha carbamide), and the number of saprotrophs increased 3.3-fold. Following the combined use of biodestructor "Ecostern" and carbamide, the number of antagonist fungi has doubled, while the number of toxin-forming fungi decreased by 9.4%. The yield of soybeans also increased by 0.6 t/ha or by 17.9% compared to the control. The increase in yield was observed due to the higher standing density of plants and the number of beans per plant. Before the harvest, the standing density of soybean plants was 45 pcs/m2, which is 9.7% higher than the control (41 pcs/m2), due to the high level of field germination of seeds. The number of beans was 24 and 28 pieces per plant, exceeding the control by 16.7%, and the weight of 1000 grains was 156.2 g and 157.5 g, which is 0.8% than the control.

7

Productivity of Spring Triticale under Conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Gamayunova Valentina V., Sydiakina Olena V., Dvoretskyi Volodymyr F., Markovska Olena Y.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 2

104--112

EN

Triticale is a valuable grain forage and food crop. Application of fertilizers enables to both increase the grain yield and improve its quality indicators. Triticale responds positively to fertilization, foliar top dressing, and the action of growth-regulating drugs. The presented field experiments were carried out in 2014–2016 in the educational-scientific-practical center of the Mykolaiv national agrarian university on the southern chernozem, typical for the southern Steppe of Ukraine. Pre-sowing seed treatment, application of mineral fertilizers and foliar nitrogen fertilization had a positive effect on the length of the ear, the number of grains in it, the mass of grain from the ear of the main stem and the level of the formed yield of spring triticale grain. Among the studied fertilizer options, the introduction of N30P30 before sowing and top dressing with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N30 against the background of pre-sowing seed treatment with Escort-Bio was advantageous. In this variant, the yield was 3.61 t/ha, the length of the ear was 10.4 cm, the number of grains in the ear was 30.2 PCs, the weight of grain from the ear of the main stem was 1.43 g. Creating an optimal nutrition background for plants improved the quality indicators of the spring triticale grain. The most favorable conditions for the formation of grain nature were provided by applying N60P30 before sowing and N30P30 before sowing with top dressing in a dose of N30 in the form of ammonium nitrate, urea or double top dressing with D2. The maximum protein content in the grain of the spring triticale was ensured by the introduction of N30P30 into the sowing with feeding with carbamide at a dose of N30. Due to the higher yield, the highest conditional protein yield per hectare of spring triticale sowing was provided by the introduction of N60P30 before sowing and N30P30 before sowing with top dressing with ammonium nitrate in the phase of stooling at a dose of N30. Improving the background of plant nutrition in cultivation technology is a promising measure to increase the productivity of spring triticale.

8

The reaction of two types of maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) to different sowing density

Szulc Piotr, Ambroży-Deręgowska Katarzyna, Mejza Iwona, Zawadzka Agnieszka, Zielewicz Waldemar, Byczkiewicz Szymon

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 65, nr 2

12--17

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of sowing density on grain yield of two types of maize cultivars. The field experiment was carried out in 2012-2014 at the Department of Agronomy at the Poznań University of Life Sciences. The first order factor was: the cultivars SY Cooky and Drim “stay-green”, while the second order factor was: sowing density of 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 plants per 1 m-2. The thermal and humidity conditions in the growing seasons of maize significantly influenced grain yield, ear grain number, grain moisture and the number of production ears per area unit. The “stay-green” cultivar was characterized by significantly higher grain yield compared to the traditional cultivar. The increase in sowing density decreased 1000 seed weight and ear grain number, while it increased the number of production ears per area unit and maize grain moisture during harvest. No significant interaction of the studied types of maize cultivars with sowing density in shaping grain yield components, moisture and grain yield was demonstrated.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie wpływu gęstości siewu na wielkość plonu ziarna dwóch typów odmian kukurydzy. Doświadczenie polowe prowadzono w latach 2012-2014 w Katedrze Agronomii Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu. Czynnikiem I rzędu była odmiana: SY Cooky i Drim „stay-green”, natomiast czynnikiem II rzędu gęstość siewu: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 roślin na 1 m-2. Warunki termiczne i wilgotnościowe w sezonach wegetacyjnych kukurydzy w istotny sposób kształtowały plon ziarna, liczbę ziaren w kolbie, wilgotność ziarna oraz liczbę kolb produkcyjnych na jednostce powierzchni. Mieszaniec w typie „stay-green” charakteryzował się istotnie wyższym plonem ziarna w porównaniu do odmiany tradycyjnej. Wzrost gęstości siewu spowodował spadek masy 1000 nasion i liczby ziaren w kolbie, natomiast zwiększyła się liczba kolb produkcyjnych na jednostce powierzchni oraz wilgotność ziarna kukurydzy podczas zbioru. Nie wykazano istotnego współdziałania badanych typów odmian kukurydzy z gęstością siewu w kształtowaniu komponentów plonu ziarna, wilgotności i plonu ziarna.

9

Relationships between selected traits in maize (Zea mays L.). Part 2. Multiple linear regression

Bocianowski Jan, Cyplik Adrian, Szulc Piotr, Kobus-Cisowska Joanna

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 64, nr 3

15--19

EN

The study comprised of 13 maize cultivars, evaluated at two years in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. To assess the quantitative impact of individual traits on the grain yield the multiple regression analysis was used. We observed grain yield and seven quantitative traits: SPAD, length of ears, number of kernels in row, damage of maize caused by P. nubilalis, infection of maize by Fusarium spp., number of ears and content of chlorophyll a.

PL

Badanie obejmowało 13 odmian kukurydzy, analizowanych w dwóch latach w doświadczeniach polowych, w układzie bloków losowanych kompletnych, w czterech powtórzeniach. Do oceny wpływu poszczególnych cech ilościowych na plon ziarna zastosowano analizę funkcji regresji wielokrotnej. Obserwowano plon ziarna i siedem cech ilościowych: SPAD, długość kolby, liczba ziaren w rzędzie, procent roślin uszkodzonych przez P. nubilalis, porażenie przez Fusarium, liczba kolb oraz zawartość chlorofilu a.

10

The consequences of abandoning nitrogen fertilisation in the cultivation of three forms of oat, depending on the water conditions

Koziara W., Panasiewicz K., Sulewska H., Sobieszczański R.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 62, nr 3

190--195

EN

The article presents the results of strict experiments which were conducted between 2010 and 2013 in plots of the Gorzyń Experimental and Educational Station in Złotniki, Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland. The aim of the study was to assess the consequences of abandoning nitrogen fertilisation in the cultivation of three forms of oat, depending on diversified water conditions. The following factors were researched: the water variant (non-irrigated, irrigated), the form of oat (tall husked, dwarf husked, hulless) and two variants of nitrogen fertilisation (0 and 100 kg N·ha-1). The research revealed that irrigation resulted in a greater increase in the yield of oat grains in the tall husked and hulless forms and a smaller increase in the dwarf form. The abandonment of nitrogen fertilisation resulted in the greatest decrease in the yield of tall husked oat grains in both water variants.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki ścisłych doświadczeń polowych przeprowadzonych w latach 2010-2013 w Katedrze Agronomii, Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu, na polach Zakładu Doświadczalno-Dydaktycznego Gorzyń, Stacja Złotniki. W badaniach oceniano biologiczne skutki zaniechania nawożenia azotem w uprawie trzech form owsa w zależności od zróżnicowanych warunków wodnych. Czynniki badawcze stanowiły wariant wodny (niedeszczowany, deszczowany), forma owsa (oplewiony wysoki, oplewiony karłowy, nagi) oraz dwa poziomy nawożenia azotem (0 i 100 kg N·ha-1). Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że większy przyrost plonu ziarna owsa pod wpływem nawadniania wykazano u formy oplewionej wysokiej i nagiej, a niższy u formy karłowej. Spośród porównywanych form najwyższym spadkiem plonu ziarna na skutek zaniechania nawożenia azotem w obu wariantach wodnych charakteryzowała się forma oplewiona wysoka.

11

The effect of foliar application of different fertilizers on technological and economical parameters of corn

Jakab P., Komarek L.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

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nr III/1

923--934

EN

Many agro-technical factors are of great importance concerning the amount of crop in corn production. One of these factors is nutrient supply. Plants are supplied with macro-, meso - and microelements. Nowadays cultivated plants cannot always obtain enough microelements from the soil, therefore the importance of foliar fertilization increased. Applied at the right time, foliar fertilization might increase the resistance of corn against biotic and abiotic factors as well. In the experiment the authors examined the effect of three foliar fertilizer products and their combinations on the important elements of the crop development of corn, and their application from economic point of view. The experiment was set in three repeats in random blocks on meadow soil in 2015. The nitrogen supply of the soil is good, the phosphorus and potassium supply is very good, however the zinc content of the soil is low. The corn yield without foliar fertilisation was 6.39 t/ha. The highest yields were achieved after the following treatments: Amalgerol + Fitohorm Turbo Zn (7.50 t/ha), Fitohorm Turbo Zn (7.35 t/ha), and Algafix + Fitohorm Turbo Zn (6.94 t/ha). Treatments with products containing Zn resulted in the best amounts of yields indicating that the low Zn levels of the soil in this area might hinder a higher corn yield. The Zn uptake might be hindered by the too much phosphorus in the soil because of the antagonism between the two elements. As for the generative factors, the results of the treatments with Algafix and Fitohorm Turbo Zn were the best. Based on the economic evaluation, it was the experiment with Fitohorm Turbo Zn treatment that provided the highest profit (24,455 HUF/ha). In addition, applying Algafix treatment turned out to be also profitable (470 HUF/ha). The results of the test concern the conditions of the experimental area. As for other areas, soil tests and, where possible, plant tests should be made to select the best available foliar fertilizer products.

12

Response of maize to use the PRP SOL and PRP EBV fertilizers

Sulewska H., Ratajczak K., Szymańska G., Panasiewicz K., Niewiadomska A.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2016

|

Vol. 61, nr 4

182--187

EN

Studies on the response of maize to use PRP fertilizer was carried out in 2012-2015 in the Department of Agronomy at the University of Life Sciences in Poznan, in the fields of the Experimental Station Gorzyń in Złotniki. Replacement of the traditional maize fertilization with phosphorus and potassium by PRP technology, both full (PRP SOL with PRP EBV) and the PRP SOL led to a significant increase in grain yield. This increase depending on the combination of fertilizer was 6.9 and 5.0 dt · ha-1 for PRP SOL used with PRP EBV and alone PRP SOL, respectively. A similar positive effect of the use of PRP fertilizers was obtained for the yield of protein and starch. The confirmation of a positive response to this fertilization technology was also an increase in the value of features such as leaf area index, plant height and weight of 1000 grains. In addition, objects with application of fertilizer PRP SOL alone and PRP SOL with PRP EBV spraying, noted significantly lower affection of plants by Fusarium fungi.

PL

Badania nad reakcją kukurydzy na stosowanie nawozów PRP prowadzono w latach 2012-2015 w Katedrze Agronomii Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu, na polach Zakładu Doświadczalno-Dydaktycznego Gorzyń, Stacji w Złotnikach. Zastąpienie nawożenia tradycyjnego w uprawie kukurydzy nowoczesną technologią PRP, zarówno pełną jak i samym PRP SOL prowadziło do istotnego wzrostu plonu ziarna. Wzrost ten w zależności od technologii nawożenia wyniósł średnio 6,9 i 5 dt·ha-1 odpowiednio dla PRP SOL z opryskiem PRP EBV i PRP SOL. Podobny pozytywny efekt stosowania nawozów PRP uzyskano dla plonu białka i skrobi. Dowodem pozytywnej reakcji roślin na nowoczesną technologię nawożenia był także wzrost wartości badanych cech takich jak: indeks powierzchni liści, wysokość roślin i masie 1000 ziaren. Ponadto, na obiektach gdzie zastosowano sam nawóz PRP SOL oraz PRP SOL z opryskiem PRP EBV zauważono istotnie mniejsze porażenie roślin przez grzyby z rodzaju Fusarium.

13

Biomass of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in relation to fertilising

Sporek M., Ciesielczuk T.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2016

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Vol. 23, nr 4

443--452

EN

The study was aimed to determine the effect of the fertilizer dose on growth of barley. In the experiment we used calcium sulphate, which is a waste during gas desulphurisation in heat and power stations. We assumed that dihydrate calcium sulphate would react with aluminium and form insoluble AlSO4+ . We weighed the biomass of barley, underground and aboveground parts separately, determined the content of chlorophyll and the change in soil reaction caused by the applied doses of fertilisers. The vase experiment with barley of the brewery variety Propino was conducted in a setting of sub-blocks with fertilizing as the one changing factor. One experimental block included 5 variants in 5 repetitions. During growth period we conducted detailed observations of growth and development of barley. Calcium sulphate has positive effect on the growth of biomass and chlorophyll content in leaves of barley. Application of a double dose of calcium sulphate did not bring measurable increase in the growth of biomass and the height of barley stems.

PL

Dwuletnie doświadczenie wazonowe z jęczmieniem jarym odmiany browarniczej Propino rozpoczęto w 2014 roku. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu rodzaju i dawki nawozu na biomasę jęczmienia. W nawo żeniu wykorzystano m.in. siarczan wapnia będący odpadem odsiarczania spalin w elektrociepłowniach. Założono hipotetycznie, że dwuwodny siarczan wapnia wejdzie w reakcję z glinem, tworząc nierozpuszczalną formę AlSO4+. Zakres badań obejmował pomiary biometryczne części nadziemnej wraz z kłosem i ziarniakami oraz system korzeniowy. Określono zawartość chlorofilu w liściach roślin, a także wykonano badania glebowe w zakresie zmiany odczynu i glinu wymiennego pod wpływem zastosowanych dawek nawozów. Największy wpływ na wielkość plonu jęczmienia jarego miało zastosowanie kombinacji nawozowej: NPK, saletry amonowej i siarczanu wapnia. Siarczan wapnia nie wpływa na zmianę pH gleby, ale ma korzystny wpływ na biomasę części nadziemnej i systemu korzeniowego oraz plon ziarna. Zastosowanie podwójnej dawki siarczanu wapnia nie przyniosło wymiernych korzyści w plonie ziarna jęczmienia.

14

Reakcja pszenicy orkisz na zastosowane nawożenie mineralne

Knapowski T., Spychaj-Fabisiak E., Kozera W., Barczak B., Murawska B., Nowak K.

Ekologia i Technika

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2015

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R. 23, nr 3

129--134

PL

Celem badań było określenie reakcji pszenicy orkisz na zastosowanie zróżnicowanych dawek azotu (n=6) i wariantów nawożenia mikroelementami (n=5). Stwierdzono, że nawożenie w zakresie dawek 20-100 kg N•ha-1powodowało, w porównaniu do kontroli, średnio istotny wzrost wielkości plonu ziarna oraz determinowało w nim zawartości Cu i Zn. Średnio, istotnie najwyższą zawartość Cu stwierdzono po zastosowaniu 20 kg N•ha-1. Każdorazowe zwiększanie poziomu nawożenia azotem powodowało średnio spadek zawartości Zn i był on istotny, w stosunku do kontroli, po zastosowaniu dawek powyżej 20 kg N•ha-1. Spośród aplikowanych mikroelementów, średnio najwyższy plon ziarna uzyskano z obiektów, na których aplikowano wyłącznie Zn i był on istotnie wyższy w porównaniu do wartości uzyskanych z obiektów nawożonych tylko Cu, tylko Mn i bez nawożenia. Średnio najwyższą zawartość miedzi stwierdzono w ziarnie z obiektu nawożonego wyłącznie Cu i była ona istotnie wyższa w porównaniu do zawartości z obiektu z aplikacją tylko Mn oraz łącznie Cu+Mn+Zn. Zastosowanie zarówno poszczególnych jak i łącznie mikroelementów, powodowało w porównaniu do kontroli, średnio istotny spadek zawartości cynku i był on najwyższy po aplikacji Mn, natomiast najniższy po łącznej Cu+Zn+Mn. Średnio najwyższą zawartość manganu w ziarnie pszenicy uzyskano z obiektu nawożonego tylko Cu i była ona istotnie wyższa w porównaniu do obiektów nawożonych tylko Zn oraz łącznie wszystkimi mikroelementami.

EN

The aim of this study was to estimate the response of spelt cv. Rokosz to the application of varied rates of nitrogen (n=6) and different variants of fertilization with microelements (n=5). It was found that fertilization with rates within the range 20-100 kg N•ha-1 resulted in significant average increase in the grain yield quantity, as compared with the control, and significantly determined the contents of copper and zinc in it. On average, significantly the highest copper content was found after the application of 20kg N•ha-1. Each increase in the level of nitrogen fertilization resulted in average decrease in zinc content and this was significant as compared with the control after the application of rates above 20 kg N•ha-1. Of the studied variants of fertilization with microelements, the highest average grain yield was obtained from the treatments where only zinc was applied, and this was significantly higher as compared with the values obtained from the treatments fertilized only with copper, only with manganese, and with no fertilization. The highest average content of cooper was found in grain from the treatment fertilized only with copper, and this was significantly higher as compared with the content from the treatments with the application of only manganese and with combined Cu+Mn+Zn application. Application of both individual and combined microelements, resulted in on average a significant decrease in zinc content, as compared with the control, and this was the highest after the application of manganese, whereas the lowest after combined Cu+Zn+Mn fertilization. The highest average content of manganese in spelt grain was obtained from the treatment fertilized only with copper and this was significantly higher as compared with treatments fertilized only with zinc and with all combined microelements.

15

Energy effectiveness of hybrid rye ploughed cultivation technologies

Piskier T., Majchrzak L.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 59, nr 4

62--64

EN

The impact of hybrid rye ploughed cultivation technologies on the size and structure of energy inputs and on the value of production energy effectiveness index were studied in a singlefactor field experiment. The compared technologies differentiated the size and structure of energy inputs to a minimal extent. Accumulated energy inputs supplied to rye production increased by an average of 18.63 GJ•ha-1 and depended mainly on energy input in materials (85%). The most advantageous energy effectiveness index - 4.2 - was recorded when a technology which involved sowing 110 pcs∙m-2 sprouting caryopses was applied. Delaying sowing by two weeks with respect to the recommended date caused substantial yield decrease which, in turn, caused an energy effectiveness index decrease. The index value in this technology was only 3.01.

PL

W jednoczynnikowym doświadczeniu łanowym porównywano wpływ orkowych technologii uprawy żyta hybrydowego na wielkość i strukturę nakładów energetycznych oraz wartość wskaźnika efektywności energetycznej produkcji. Porównywane technologie w minimalnym stopniu różnicowały wielkość i strukturę nakładów energetycznych. Nakład energii skumulowanej poniesionej na produkcję żyta wyniósł przeciętnie 18,63 GJ•ha-1 i zależał w głównej mierze od wartości energii wniesionej w formie materiałów (85%). Najkorzystniejszy wskaźnik efektywności energetycznej uzyskano stosując technologię, w której wysiano 110 szt•m-2 kiełkujących ziarniaków, a jego wartość wyniosła 4,2. Opóźnienie wysiewu żyta hybrydowego o dwa tygodnie od zalecanego terminu spowodowało wyraźne zmniejszenie plonu, co spowodowało pogorszenie wskaźnika efektywności energetycznej. Wartość wskaźnika tej technologii wyniosła zaledwie 3,01.

16

Wpływ międzyplonów oraz różnych technologii uprawy roli na plonowanie kukurydzy

Biskupski A., Sekutowski T R, Włodek S, Smagacz J, Owsiak Z

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2014

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Nr 38

7--16

PL

Badania prowadzono w latach 2008–2010 na polach Stacji Doświadczalnej IUNG w Jelczu Laskowicach. Doświadczenia dwuczynnikowe zakładano na glebie płowej wytworzonej z piasku gliniastego mocnego pylastego, metodą losowanych podbloków w czterech powtórzeniach. Czynnikami doświadczenia były międzyplony (gorczyca i łubin), oraz sposoby uprawy roli (tradycyjna, uproszczona i zerowa). Przedplonem była pszenica ozima, natomiast rośliną następczą – kukurydza. Wskaźnik powierzchni liścia (LAI) oraz średni kąt nachylenia liścia (MTA) określono wykonując pomiary miernikiem LAI-2000 firmy LI-COR (USA) w fazie początku kwitnienia w czterech powtórzeniach. Celem badań było uzyskanie informacji, które z zastosowanych systemów uprawy roli i międzyplonów wpłyną korzystnie na plonowanie, wybrane wskaźniki architektury łanu (wysokość roślin, LAI, MTA) oraz stopień zachwaszczenia kukurydzy uprawianej na ziarno. Plon ziarna kukurydzy na uprawie uproszczonej i zerowej był niższy jak na uprawie tradycyjnej. Najwyższy wskaźnik LAI kukurydzy po obu przedplonach stwierdzono po zastosowaniu uprawy tradycyjnej, najniższy zaś po uprawie zerowej. Wysokość roślin kukurydzy była największa po uprawie tradycyjnej. Międzyplonem mającym pozytywny wpływ na wysokość kukurydzy była gorczyca. Stosowanie uproszczeń uprawowych spowodowało wzrost zachwaszczenia ogólnego w porównaniu do uprawy tradycyjnej. Ponadto stwierdzono kompensację 3 gatunków chwastów takich jak: Echinochloa crus-galli, Geranium pusillum i Chenopodium album. Największą liczbę chwastów na jednostce powierzchni stwierdzono w doświadczeniu z uprawa zerową.

EN

The research was carried out in the years 2008–2010 in the fields of the Experimental Station IUNG at Jelcz-Laskowice. Two-factorial experiments were laid out on the grey-brown podzolic soil formed out of loamy sand silt by the method of randomized subblocks in four replications. The experimental factors were intercrops (mustard and lupine) and tillage system (traditional, simplified and zero). Winter wheat was the forecrop and maize the sequent plant. Leaf area index (LAI) and mean tip angle (MTA) were determined in the stage of early flowering with use of a LAI-2000 meter (LI-COR, USA) in four replications. The research was carried out to find out which tillage system and intercrop would positively influence the yielding, selected indices of canopy architecture (height of plants, LAI, MTA) and the amount of weeds in maize grown for grain. The yield of maize grain grown in simplified and zero tillage appeared to be lower than that obtained in traditional tillage. The highest LAI index of maize grown after both forecrops was found with traditional tillage, while the lowest with zero one. The highest maize plants were those in conventional tillage. The intercrop which appeared to have the most favourable effect on the height of maize was mustard. Reduced tillage systems increased total weed infestation in comparison to conventional tillage. Compensation of Echinochloa crus-galli, Geranium pusillum and Chenopodium album was noticed. The greatest number of weeds per unit area was found in the experiment after no-tillage system.

17

Efekty stosowania PRP SOL w kukurydzy uprawianej na ziarno

Sulewska H., Szymańska G., Śmiatacz K., Koziara W., Niewiadomska A.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 58, nr 4

161--166

PL

Badania nad oceną możliwości zastąpienia nawożenia fosforowo-potasowego stosowaniem PRP SOL w uprawie kukurydzy prowadzono w latach 2007-2011 na polach stacji doświadczalnej Złotniki należącej do ZDD Gorzyń Katedry Agronomii, Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu. PRP SOL jest nawozem fosforowo-potasowym dopuszczonym do stosowania w rolnictwie ekologicznym. Zastąpienie tradycyjnego nawożenia fosforowo-potasowego poprzez stosowanie PRP SOL w uprawie kukurydzy na ziarno, w czterech spośród pięciu lat badań, prowadziło do istotnego wzrostu plonu ziarna. Wzrost ten w zależności od warunków pogodowych wahał się od 6,1 dt.ha-1 w 2008 do 11,9 dt.ha-1, co pozwoliło na poprawę efektu finansowego od 313,8 PLN.ha-1 w 2008 do 1187,9 PLN.ha-1 w 2009. Przeciwny efekt wykazano w 2011, roku o trzymiesięcznej suszy w okresie kwiecień- czerwiec, w którym stosowanie PRP SOL skutkowało spadkiem plonu ziarna o 10,7 dt.ha-1 i stratą 781,4 PLN.ha-1. Rośliny uprawiane z użyciem PRP SOL charakteryzował wyższy wskaźnik zieloności SPAD, wyższa MTZ, wilgotność ziarna przy zbiorze oraz wyższa koncentracja skrobi, a niższa białka w s.m. ziarna. W ocenie pozostałych cech wykazano jedynie tendencję do korzystnej reakcji na ten nawóz.

EN

Studies on the evaluation of the possibility of replacing phosphorus-potassium fertilization by PRP SOL application in corn were conducted in 2007-2011 in the fields of experimental station belonging to RDA Złotniki Gorzyń Department of Agronomy, Poznan University of Life Sciences. PRP SOL is phosphorus-potassium fertilizer allowed to use in ecological farming. Replacement of traditional phosphorus-potassium fertilization by the use of PRP SOL in maize for grain, in four out of five years of research, led to a significant increase in grain yield. This increase depended on the weather and ranged from 6.1 dt·ha-1 in 2008 to 11.9 dt·ha-1, which allowed to improve the financial effect of 313.8 PLN·ha-1 in 2008 to 1187.9 PLN·ha-1 in 2009. The opposite effect was demonstrated in 2001, the year of a three-month drought in the period April- June, in which the use of PRP SOL resulted in a decrease in grain yield by 10.7 dt·ha-1 and loss of 781.4 PLN·ha-1. Plants grown with the use of PRP SOL had a higher rate of greenness SPAD, higher TKW, grain moisture at harvest and higher content of starch and lower protein in the dry matter of grain. Other characteristics showed only a tendency to the favourable response to this fertilizer.

18

Effect of Sowing Density on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Oat Grains

Pisulewska E., Poradowski R., Witkowicz R.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 5-6

793-800

EN

The research were aimed at determining the effect of sowing density on the yield and chemical composition of grain of two common oat forms. Two-factorial field experiment was set up on brown alluvial soils in 1999–2001 in southern Poland. The first experimental factor included 2 forms of oat: husked oat (cv. Dukat) and naked oats (2 genotypes POB-W-481, POB-W-492 and cv. Akt ). The second factor included two levels of sowing density: 450 grains per 1 m2 and 550 grains per 1 m2. The analyzed forms differed significantly in their grain yields. The husked cv. Dukat (average yield for 3 years 3.62 Mg ha–1) in all years of the experiment yielded 16.7–30 % higher when compared with cv. Akt (average yield for 3 years 2.97 Mg ha–1) and the naked genotypes (average yield for 3 years POB-W-481 3.02 Mg ha–1, POB-W-492 2.99 Mg ha–1). Higher sowing density favorably increased the number of panicles formed per area unit (450 grains per m2 – 319, 550 grains per m2 – 333 panicles per m2) and therefore gave higher grain yields (450 grains per m2 – 3.09 Mg h–1, 550 grains per m2 – 3.21 Mg ha–1). The compared cultivars differed considerably in their content of K, P, Ca and Mg. The naked forms had higher concentrations of K, P and Ca but lower of Mg. The analyzed sowing quantities did not affect significantly the content of macroelements in oat grain. However, in the first year of the trial significantly higher P and Mg contents were noted at lower sowing density.

PL

Celem badań było określenie wpływu gęstości siewu na plon oraz skład chemiczny ziarna dwóch form owsa siewnego. Dwuczynnikowe doświadczenia polowe zakładano na madach rzecznych brunatnych w latach 1999-2001 w Polsce Południowej. Pierwszym czynnikiem badawczym były dwie formy owsa: oplewiona (odmiana Dukat) oraz nieoplewiona (2 rody POB-W-481, POB-W-492 i odmiana Akt). Czynnikiem drugim była zróżnicowana gęstość siewu: 450 ziaren na 1 m2 i 550 ziaren na 1 m2. Badane formy różniły się istotnie plonami ziarna. Oplewiona odmiana Dukat (średni plon z 3 lat 3,62 Mg ha-1) we wszystkich latach prowadzenia doświadczeń plonowała wyżej o 16,7 - 30 % w porównaniu z odmianą Akt (średni plon z 3 lat 2,97 Mg ha-1) i rodami nieoplewionymi (średni plon z 3 lat POB-W-481 3,02 Mg ha-1, POB-W-492 2,99 Mg ha-1). Większa gęstość siewu korzystnie wpłynęła na podniesienie liczby wiech wykształconych na jednostce powierzchni (450 ziaren na 1 m2 - 319, 550 ziaren na 1 m2 - 333 wiechy na 1 m2) a tym samym na wyższe plony ziarna (450 ziaren na 1 m2 - 3,09 Mg h-1, 550 ziaren na 1 m2 - 3,21 Mg ha-1). Porównywane odmiany różniły się istotnie zawartością K, P, Ca i Mg. Formy nieoplewione miały wyższą zawartość K, P i Ca, ale niższą Mg. Badana gęstość siewu nie wpłynęła istotnie na zawartość makroskładników w ziarnie, chociaż w 1 roku badań stwierdzono istotnie większą zawartość P i Mg przy niższej ilości wysiewu.

19

Zmienność plonu ziarna pszenżyta jarego w Polsce w warunkach różnego nasilenia suszy atmosferycznej

Kalbarczyk E.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2010

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Vol. 19, No. 1

20--33

PL

Celem pracy było określenie, które okresy rozwojowe pszenżyta jarego narażone są na najczęstsze wystąpienie suszy atmosferycznej, jak również zbadanie wielkości zmniejszenia plonu ziarna w zależności od natężenia suszy i okresu jej wystąpienia. Okresy suszy identyfikowano dwoma wskaźnikami: RPI, względnych opadów oraz K, hydrotermicznym. W badaniach wykorzystano dane z 34 stacji doświadczalnych COBORU położonych w całej Polsce, obejmujące daty siewu, wchodów, krzewienia, strzelania w źdźbło, kłoszenia, dojrzałości woskowej i zbioru oraz plon ziarna pszenżyta jarego w latach 1984-2004, jak również dane meteorologiczne, średnią temperaturę powietrza, sumę opadów atmosferycznych, ze stacji IMGW położonych w sąsiedztwie stacji doświadczalnych. Wyniki dotyczyły wzorca pszenżyta jarego, określonego jako średnia z odmian uprawianych w danym roku. Stwierdzono, że najczęściej okresy o różnym natężeniu suszy występują wiosną, w czasie od siewu do krzewienia. Pszenżyto jare dobrze znosi okresy suche (50 < RPI < 74% or 75 < RPI < 89% of the norm; 0.4 < K ≤ 1.0), a największy spadek wielkości plonu ziarna pszenżyta jarego jest spowodowany bardzo i skrajnie suchymi warunkami w okresie od kłoszenia do dojrzałości woskowej oraz w całym okresie od siewu do dojrzałości woskowej.

EN

The goal of the work was to determine which development stages of spring triticale are exposed to the most frequent occurrence of atmospheric drought and also to examine the quantity of reduction in grain yield depending on intensity of drought and a period of its occurrence. Periods of drought were identified through the relative precipitation index (RPI) and the hydrothermal coefficient K. The research used data from 34 experimental stations of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU), situated in whole Poland, encompassing the dates of sowing, emergence, tillering, shooting, heading, wax maturity and harvesting, and spring triticale grain yield in the years 1984-2004 as well as meteorological data, average air temperature and atmospheric precipitation total, from stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW) located in the vicinity of experimental stations. The results concerned a standard of spring triticale determined as an average of varieties cultivated in a given year. It was stated that periods of drought of various intensity most frequently occur in spring in the period from sowing to tillering. Spring triticale endures dry periods well (50 < RPI < 74% or 75 < RPI < 89% of the norm; 0.4 < K ≤ 1.0), and the highest reduction in the quantity of spring triticale grain yield is caused by very and extremely dry conditions in the period from heading to wax maturity as well as in the whole period from sowing to wax maturity.

20

Effects of winter wheat supplementation with selenium

Ducsay L., Ložek O., Varga L., Lošak T.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2007

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Vol. 14, nr 3-4

289-294

EN

Effect of foliar application of graduated Se rates (0; 0.5; 1.0; 10 and 20 g Se o ha-1) on Se accumulation in grain winter wheat and Se uptake by grain was investigated in the accurate field fertilization experiment. Selenium fertilization was applied as solution Na2SeO3 o 5H2O in the growth stage of the 6th leaf (Zadoks = 29). Applied treatments of Se fertilization did not influence the yields of gram. Both the rates of 10 and 20 g Se per hectare highly significantly increased Se accumulation in grain in all experimental years. Average Se content in grain dry matter was 0.039 š 0.015 mg o kg-1 under unfertilized treatment and with the Se rates of 10 g and 20 go ha-1 it increased to the values of 0.094 š 0.015 and 0.192 š 0.088 mg o kg-1, respectively. The total uptake of Se by grain yield increased in the similar way. Se translocation to the wheat gram represented 10.0, 2.9 and 4.4% of total applied Se, respectively, when the rates of 1, 10 and 20 g Se - ha-1 were applied. It results from the experiment that the rate of 10 g Se - ha -1 is sufficient for achieving the required Se content in winter wheat grain. Se application impoved the nutritive value of winter wheat grain.

PL

W ścisłym doświadczeniu polowym badano wpływ dolistnego nawożenia wzrastającymi dawkami selenu (0; 0,5; 1,0; 10 i 20 g Se o ha-1) na akumulację w ziarnie pszenicy ozimej. Nawożenia selenem w postaci roztworu Na2SeO3 o 5H2O stosowano w stadium rozwoju 6 liścia (Zadoks = 29). Zastosowane nawożenie Se nie miało wpływu na ilość plonu ziarna. Dawki 10 i 20 g Se o ha-1 w znacznym stopniu zwiększały jego akumulację w ziarnie we wszystkich latach doświadczeń. Średnia zawartość selenu w suchej masie ziarna pszenicy nienawożonej wynosiła 0,039:k 0,015 mg o kg-1, a w nawożonych dawkami 10 i 20 g Se - ha--1 zwiększała się odpowiednio do 0,094 š 0,015 i 0,192 š 0,088 mg Se o kg-1 s.m. Całkowite pobranie Se z plonem ziarna zwiększało się w podobnym stopniu. Z doświadczeń wynika, że dawka 10 g Se o ha -1 jest wystarczająca do osiągnięcia wymaganej zawartości selenu w ziarnie pszenicy ozimej. Stosowanie selenu poprawiło wartość odżywczą ziarna pszenicy ozimej.