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EN
The paper briefly presents a theory of games with finitely many infinite populations (types) each of whom has finitely many available strategies; the payoff of an individual player depends on the distribution of choices of strategies in all populations and his own particular choice. We give specific examples of applications of the theory in several areas: spatial allocation (of species), economic models – household economy and transportation networks. We also briefly discuss questions of computation of equilibria and relations of large games, as understood in the present paper, to ordinary matrix games, games with continuum of players and evolutionary game theory.
PL
Praca zawiera skrótowy opis gier ze skończoną liczbą nieskończonych populacji (typów), z których każda dysponuje skończoną liczbą strategii; wypłata pojedynczego gracza zależy od rozkładu wyborów strategii wszystkich populacji i jego własnego wyboru strategii. Podajemy konkretne przykłady zastosowań w kilku dziedzinach: alokacja przestrzenna (gatunków), modele ekonomiczne – model gospodarki drobnotowarowej i model ruchu drogowego. Dyskutujemy też krótko zagadnienia obliczeniowe i związki dużych gier, jak przedstawiono je w tym artykule, ze zwykłymi grami macierzowymi, grami z continuum graczy i z ewolucyją teorią gier.
2
Content available Wybór trasy w warunkach rozmytych
PL
W prezentowanym artykule przedstawiono algorytm umożliwiający znalezienie najkrótszej ścieżki w grafie skierowanym. Do opisu krawędzi grafów zaproponowano użycie wyrażeń lingwistycznych. Do obliczeń zaproponowano wykorzystanie prostej defuzyfikacji wartości rozmytych do wartości ostrych. Pokazano, że taka metoda w przypadku znajdowania najkrótszej ze ścieżek może znaleźć zastosowanie.
EN
The paper presents an algorithm that allows finding the shortest path in the directed graph. To describe the edges of the graph proposed to use linguistic expressions. For the calculations proposed to use a simple defuzzification. It has been shown that this technique for finding the shortest way can be used.
3
Content available Lingwistyczne podejście do zadania wyboru trasy
PL
W artykule przedstawiono algorytm umożliwiający znalezienie najkrótszej ścieżki w grafie skierowanym. Do opisu krawędzi grafów zaproponowano użycie wyrażeń lingwistycznych. Do obliczeń zaproponowano wykorzystanie prostej defuzyfikacji wartości rozmytych do wartości ostrych. Pokazano, że taka metoda w przypadku znajdowania najkrótszej ze ścieżek może znaleźć zastosowanie.
EN
The paper presents an algorithm that allows finding the shortest path in a directed graph. To describe the edges of the graph proposed to use linguistic values. For the calculation proposed to use a simple defuzzification to the sharp values. It has been shown that this technique for finding the shortest path can be used.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono algorytm umożliwiający znalezienie najkrótszej ścieżki w grafie skierowanym. Do opisu krawędzi grafów zaproponowano użycie wartości rozmytych. Do obliczeń zaproponowano wykorzystanie prostej defuzyfikacji wartości rozmytych do wartości ostrych. Pokazano, że taka metoda w przypadku znajdowania najkrótszej ze ścieżek może znaleźć zastosowanie.
EN
The paper presents an algorithm that allows finding the shortest path in a directed graph. To describe the edges of the graph proposed to use fuzzy values. For the calculation proposed to use a simple defuzzification to the sharp values. It has been shown that this technique for finding the shortest path can be used.
5
EN
In web search engines, such as Google, the ranking of a particular keyword is determined by mathematical tools, e.g., Pagerank or Hits. However, as the size of the network increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to use keyword ranking to quickly find the information required by an individual user. One reason for this phenomenon is the interference of superfluous information with the link structure. The World Wide Web can be expressed as an enormous directed graph. The purpose of the present study is to provide tools for studying the web as a directed graph in order to find clues to the solution of the problem of interference from superfluous information, and to reform the directed graph to clarify the relationships between the nodes.
EN
This paper is concerned with the fusion of information from process data and process connectivity and its subsequent use in fault diagnosis and process hazard assessment. The Signed Directed Graph (SDG), as a graphical model for capturing process topology and connectivity to show the causal relationships between process variables by material and information paths, has been widely used in root cause and hazard propagation analysis. An SDG is usually built based on process knowledge as described by piping and instrumentation diagrams. This is a complex and experience-dependent task, and therefore the resulting SDG should be validated by process data before being used for analysis. This paper introduces two validation methods. One is based on cross-correlation analysis of process data with assumed time delays, while the other is based on transfer entropy, where the correlation coefficient between two variables or the information transfer from one variable to another can be computed to validate the corresponding paths in SDGs. In addition to this, the relationship captured by data-based methods should also be validated by process knowledge to confirm its causality. This knowledge can be realized by checking the reachability or the influence of one variable on another based on the corresponding SDG which is the basis of causality. A case study of an industrial process is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed methods.
7
Content available Pomiarowa sieć radiowa o niskim zużyciu energii
PL
W artykule opisano prace badawcze służące zaprojektowaniu, symulacji i realizacji radiowej sieci pomiarowej charakteryzującej się niskim zużyciem energii. Proponowana sieć ma charakteryzować się równomiernym zużyciem energii przez wszystkie moduły oraz dynamicznym algorytmem trasowania pozwalającym na długotrwałą pracę sieci. W artykule opisano stanowisko służące do badań i kontroli sieci, metodę trasowania, a także sposób symulacji w środowisku Scilab. Podano także parametry charakteryzujące projektowaną sieć, takie jak czasy transmisji i pobór energii.
EN
This paper presents research, design and simulations of an energy efficient wireless sensor network. It describes a routing protocol designed for evenly energy consumption. There is shown how to simulate a network in the Scilab environment. The test wireless sensor network including a measurement station and construction of radio modules are presented. The radio modules consists of Texas Instruments/chipcon's CC1100 transceiver and Atmel's ATmega32 microcontroller. The network can join up to 65535 radio modules (16 bit addressing). The measurement station consists of programmable power supply, an oscilloscope, precise multimeters and a JTAG module. It allows measuring the current consumption in different working modes, checking the time of operations and controlling the radio system. This solution will be used in a wireless water meter network. The most important feature in this application is a long working time (up to 10 years). The even energy consumption should extend the network reliability and its time of work.
8
Content available remote Control flow graphs and code coverage
EN
The control flow of programs can be represented by directed graphs. In this paper we provide a uniform and detailed formal basis for control flow graphs combining known definitions and results with new aspects. Two graph reductions are defined using only syntactical information about the graphs, but no semantical information about the represented programs. We prove some properties of reduced graphs and also about the paths in reduced graphs. Based on graphs, we define statement coverage and branch coverage such that coverage notions correspond to node coverage, and edge coverage, respectively.
9
Content available remote Formation of graph models for regular finite element meshes
EN
Graph theory has many applications in structural mechanics and there are also numerous topological transformations which make the related problems simpler. The skeleton graph and natural associate graph of finite element models are among such transformations. These transformations can efficiently be used for nodal and element ordering of regular finite element models. Natural associate graph and its mesh basis play a key role in optimal finite element analysis by combinatorial force method. In this paper, an efficient method is presented for generation of skeleton graph, natural associate graph as well as their mesh bases for finite elements models, using graph and digraph products.
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