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Modeling of mineral efficiency in geothermal hot waters with data envelopment analysis

Karaca Zeki, Beigmohammadi Elif Ozturk

Archives of Mining Sciences

2025

Vol. 70, no. 1

101--113

The Biga Peninsula is an important region of geothermal resources, heat mining in Western Anatolia. In this study, the modelling of mineral efficiency in hot waters was made with data envelopment analysis for the first time. Gold, silver, and lithium in the geothermal hot water were defined as the outputs, whereas physical properties of the geothermal resource such as temperature, pH level, electrical conductivity, and salinity were defined as the inputs. The output-oriented Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes data envelopment analysis model, which measures the total efficiency, and the output-oriented Banker, Charnes, and Cooper data envelopment analysis model, which measures technical efficiency, were used in the study. A total of 50 models were created –25 with the first model and 25 with the second model – to analyse 21 geothermal resources in the Biga Peninsula. As a result of the analysis of the models, nine geothermal resources were found to have a relative efficiency of 100%. The average technical efficiency score in the Banker, Charnes, and Cooper model was 70%, whereas the average total efficiency score in the Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes model was 68.5%. It was found that data envelopment analysis can be used to model geothermal resources in mineral operations.

Subsidies on Geomorphological and Geological-Structural Elements for the Knowledge of Deep Aquifer Systems of Hot Sulphurous Groundwaters in the Meda Region (Portugal)

Coelho-Ferreira P. J., Ferreira-Gomes L. M., Sousa-Oliveira A.

Inżynieria Mineralna

2024

Vol. 1, no. 2

art. no. 35

The Meda region is a territory in the interior of Portugal, made up of essentially rocky terrain of the Hercynian granite type and the ante-Ordovician schist type. The local population lives mainly from agriculture; only a small percentage lives from services, commerce, and other residual activities. The supply of drinking water to the population is provided from surface water, rainwater, stored in the Ranhados Dam, on the Torto River. The most common groundwater is essentially used for agricultural activities and is abstracted from surface aquifer systems, mainly in granite massifs, up to around 100m deep. The waters of these systems have hydrogeochemical characteristics typical of short underground circuits, shallow, with an acidic pH of around 6, total mineralization generally less than 300 mg/L, with the dominant anion being bicarbonate and the dominant cation being sodium and/or calcium. However, there are some occasional occurrences of groundwater, which although very rare, are very important due to their specific characteristics These rare groundwaters are sulphureous, with the presence of reduced Sulphur species, are alkaline due to their pH generally being higher than 8, have total mineralization between 300 mg/L and 600 mg/L, belong to the sodium bicarbonate facies, have significant concentrations of silica, with SiO2 between 25.0 mg/L and 63.5 mg/L, have fluoride values higher than 10 mg/L, and also have the presence of carbon dioxide (total CO2); present several trace elements with relevance to Boron (B), Rubidium (Rb), Strontium (Sr), Cesium (Cs), and Tungsten (W). There is also the particularity that the latter waters are warm, resurfacing to the surface at temperatures higher than normal in the region ( 15ºC), with the highest temperature at the Well AC1A of the Longroiva Medical Spa, with 47.4ºC. Geothermometer studies indicate reservoir temperatures of around 78ºC for Águas do Graben, 84ºC for Areola and 115ºC for Longroiva, which are the three main natural discharge sites for these deep aquifer systems. The potential use of these special waters is for thermalism activities and geothermal exploitation, as is already the case at the Longroiva Medical Spa. Therefore, in order to promote the exploration of those waters and new applications, it is necessary to know as accurately as possible the geohydraulic model of the circuit of those waters, and the geomorphological and geological-structural aspects are absolutely central to this process. So, this article, after a brief introduction, presents the main geomorphological and geological-structural characteristics of the region and explains the various details that led to the compartmentalization of the region into three potential exploitation poles: Longroiva Medical Spa, Areola Medical Spa, and Águas do Graben. Finally, some conclusions and final notes are presented on proposals for new studies to support detailed knowledge of the geohydraulic models of each Pole and other potential locations to explore water from the deep aquifer system.