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Cadmium and lead levels in selected goat and sheep tissues from areas under different antropogenic pressure

Mundała P., Szwalec A., Baran A., Kędzior R.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

2016

nr IV/2

1337--1346

The aim of the study was to compare the levels of cadmium and lead in livers, kidneys and wool / hair / of sheep and goats reared in the vicinity of the steelworks in Nowa Huta in Kraków and in the control field, Rożniatów, in which there was no emitters of heavy metals. Samples were collected post mortem from one-year old animals of one breed (within a species) and one sex, who had lived from birth in the studied areas. Both species were fed with the same fodder and have remained in the same places. Wet mineralization was applied (mixture of nitric acid (V) and chloric (VII) (3: 1)) metal determination was done by a FASA method. The levels of the metals depend on the species, on the test areas and on the collected part of the animal. Tissues from sheep contained more cadmium and lead than the tissue of goats. The highest cadmium content was found in the kidney, lower in the liver, the lowest in the hair / wool of tested animals. Goat kidneys from both areas of research and sheep kidneys from Rożniatów meet consumer standards for cadmium. However, 20% of sheep kidneys sampled from Nowa Huta district exceeded the standards for cadmium. The lead content of both species exceeded the limit in all of the kidneys and livers from Nowa Huta district. In Rożniatów the standards were not fulfilled for all kidneys and livers of goats, and all kidneys and 70% of the livers of sheep.

Wpływ parametrów pracy dojarki na warunki ciśnieniowe wybranych aparatów udojowych do doju kóz

Mastyj A.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

2002

R. 6, nr 6

291--300

Określono wpływ podciśnienia (38, 44, 50 kPa), częstotliwości pulsacji (60, 90, 120, 180 p/min), współczynnika pulsatora (50%, 60%, 70%) na wahania podciśnienia w trzech aparatach udojowych do doju kóz. Badania wykonywano w laboratorium jak i podczas doju kóz. Wykazano, że aparat z kolektorem charakteryzuje się najmniejszymi przyrostami podciśnienia ponad wartość nominalną, prawie dwukrotnie mniejszymi wahaniami podciśnienia w porównaniu do aparatu bez kolektora oraz najwyższym poziomem średniego podciśnienia w fazie b. Wzrost częstotliwości pulsacji z 60 do 90 p/min powoduje zwiększanie wahań podciśnienia, dalsze zwiększanie częstotliwości pulsacji do 120 i 180 p/min powoduje spadek wahań podciśnienia. Wzrost częstotliwości pulsacji powoduje wzrost średniego podciśnienia w fazie b, a dla częstotliwości pulsacji 120 lub 180 p/min może dochodzić do przekroczenia poziomu nominalnego. Wzrost podciśnienia powoduje spadek wahań podciśnienia oraz przyrostów ponad wartość nominalną.

The effects of vacuum pressure (38, 44, 50 kPa), pulsation frequency (60, 90, 120, 180/min) and pulsator ratio (50, 60, 70%) on vacuum fluctuations were studied in three milking machines for goats. Investigations were carried out in the laboratory and at milking of the animals. It was found that the vacuum rises abore the rated value were the least in apparatus with a duster, at almost twice less vacuum fluctuations than in the apparatus without cluster, the highest level of average vacuum at phase b was also observed. Raising of the pulsation frequency from 60 to 90/min increased vacuum fluctuations, whereas its further raising up to 120 and 180/min decreased vacuum fluctuations. The increase of pulsation frequency incrased the average vacuum pressure at phase b and, at the frequencies of 120 or 180/min the rated vacuum level could be exceeded. At raising of the vacuum pressure both, the vacuum fluctuations and its in¬crements above the rated value were reduced.