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The Research of Northern Labyrinths as Navigation Network Elements

Paranina A.N., Paranin R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2016

Vol. 10, no. 3

451--456

The authors of the article consider the stone labyrinths as solar calendars. In the center of these structures there are usually already installed gnomons – vertical objects that give shade. Midday shadow points to north, and the change of its length during a year is correlated with the diameter of the arcs of the labyrinth. Points of sunrise / sunset at the equinoxes and solstices are very often fixed in the pattern of the labyrinth, as well as the beginning of the annual cycle. In general, patterns of labyrinths are of the same type, the differences reflect the regional characteristics of illumination, the differences in latitude and topography (shape of the horizon). The uniformity of the technology and the location on the waterways give an opportunity to consider stone labyrinths as ancient elements of local and regional navigation networks.

System miar starożytnego Egiptu - kalendarz i miary czasu

Wollek A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

2014

R. 60, nr 6

410--413

Starożytny Egipt był jedną z największych potęg w historii ludzkości. Swój rozwój, tak ja wszystkie cywilizacje, zawdzięcza między innymi własnemu systemowi miar, bez którego nie byłby on możliwy. Do największych osiągnięć starożytnej kultury egipskiej należy bez wątpienia odkrycie kalendarza solarnego, który w swojej udoskonalonej formie jest stosowany do dnia dzisiejszego. Właśnie o tym wynalazku oraz o pierwszych zegarach mówi niniejszy artykuł, będący drugą częścią zagadnienia dotyczącego systemu miar starożytnego Egiptu.

Generally speaking, Egypt associate it instinctively with Nile, great river lazily through the desert water your ongoing. In ancient times, it was not always so peaceful. Once a year it passes through her great flood wave that flooded the land adjacent to the river wreaking havoc on them, but also bringing hope for a new life in the form of fertile silt, which ensure a rich harvest. Today, the matter is governed by the pronounced the Aswan High Dam and pump stations, electricity-powered provide enough water for the fields. In ancient times the regular floods of the Nile were a matter of life or death, therefore, so great the meaning and hope associated with them. It was this cyclicality of floods was the direct cause of the solar calendar, which can be considered, without a doubt, the greatest achievement of the ancient Egyptians. The oldest preserved to our time clocks or their parts come from Egypt. Just about this as well as the spiritual and religious aspects of life related to the measures, says the article on ancient Egyptian measurement system.