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1

Kalkulator on-line masy gniazd bociana białego - wykorzystanie w energetyce

Zbyryt Adam

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2023

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R. 91, nr 5

47--48

PL

Artykuł porusza praktyczne wykorzystanie kalkulatora on-line masy gniazdo bociana białego. Kalkulator on-line masy gniazda bociana białego to proste i bezpłatne narzędzie internetowe, które powstało przy okazji pomiaru masy 145 rzeczywistych gniazd tego gatunku. Średnia masa wszystkich poważanych gniazd wyniosła prawie 400 kg. Nawet nowo wybudowane gniazda osiągają imponujące rozmiary – ok. 70 kg. Korzystanie z kalkulatora jest proste. Znajduje się on na stronie www.gniazdo.ptop.org.pl. Znajdziemy tam instrukcję wprowadzania danych. W celu oszacowania masy gniazda, które nas interesuje należy posiadać 3 podstawowe informacje: średnicę, wysokość i tzw. wskaźnik ubicia. Artykuł zawiera wskazówki jak zdobyć takie informacje i jak je wykorzystać do uzyskania wyniku. Pozwala to na oszacowanie potencjalnego zagrożenia, np. związanego z obciążeniem słupa elektroenergetycznego. Stanowić to może podstawę do przeprowadzenia interwencji polegającej na całkowitym zdjęciu (tylko w szczególnych przypadkach) lub zmniejszeniu gniazda (zalecane).

EN

The article discusses the practical use of the white stork nest weight online calculator. The White Stork Nest Weight Online Calculator is a simple and free online tool that was created while measuring the weight of 145 real white stork nests. The average weight of all respected nests was almost 400 kg. Even newly built nests reach impressive sizes – about 70 kg. Using the calculator is simple. It can be found at www.gniazdo.ptop.org.pl. There you will find instructions for entering data. To estimate the weight of the socket we are interested in, we need to have 3 basic information: diameter, height and the compaction rate. The article contains tips on how to obtain such information and how to use it to obtain a result. This allows the estimation of the potential threat, e.g. related to the load on a power pole. This may be the basis for intervention consisting of complete removal (only in special cases) or reduction of the nest (recommended).

2

Determination of the friction force between the draw rod and its guide in sucker rod well pumps and an analytical study of the stress deformation state of the valve assembly

Aliyeva Sevda Y., Abbasov Sakit H.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 9

596--603

EN

The article is devoted to the determination of the friction force between the draw rod and the guide and to the analytical study of the stress deformation state of the valve assembly of the rod well pump. In sucker rod well pumps, a hollow cylindrical guide is used to ensure the same axis of the plunger as the cylinder during operation. The guide is attached to the upper end of the pump cylinder. The draw rod connecting the sucker rod and the plunger of the pump moves up and down in the internal cylindrical cavity of the guide in the corresponding movements of the balancer head. There must be a certain clearance between the draw rod and the guide to ensure free movement of the draw rod. Based on the calculation scheme for determining the friction force between the draw rod and the guide is given, and the necessary parameters are determined. According to the values obtained from the calculation, the graphs were built based on the dependences of the friction force between the draw rod and the guide on the angle φ, and on the path of the plunger when φ = 30. At the same time, according to the calculation scheme of the "ball-saddle" pair, the force acting on the ball, the stresses generated on the contact surfaces of the ball and the saddle, and other parameters were found. The friction and wear between the draw rod and the guide is also typical of the friction and wear between the polished rod and the wellhead forming structure. Because, in the latter case, as a result of the suspension point of the balancer head not having the same axis as the wellhead, the polished rod cannot move with the straight axis in wellhead valve.

PL

Artykuł zawiera opis metody wyznaczania siły tarcia pomiędzy cięgłem a prowadnicą cięgła dławikowej pompy wgłębnej oraz analizę odkształcenia naprężeniowego zespołu zaworowego pompy. W żerdziowych pompach wgłębnych stosuje się drążone cylindryczne prowadnice w celu zapewnienia współosiowości nurnika i cylindra pompy. Prowadnica ta jest przymocowana do górnej końcówki cylindra pompy. Cięgło stanowi połączenie żerdzi pompowej z nurnikiem pompy. Porusza się ono w górę i w dół w cylindrycznej prowadnicy, zgodnie z ruchem głowicy wyważającej. Pomiędzy cięgłem a prowadnicą należy zapewnić odpowiedni luz tak, aby zapewnić swobodny ruch cięgła. Wszelkie niezbędne parametry układu ustalono na podstawie schematu obliczeniowego siły tarcia występującego pomiędzy cięgłem a prowadnicą. Na podstawie wartości uzyskanych podczas obliczeń utworzono wykresy obrazujące zależności siły tarcia pomiędzy cięgłem a prowadnicą dla kąta φ oraz dla toru posuwu nurnika, gdy φ = 30. Jednocześnie, zgodnie ze schematem obliczeniowym pary „kula–gniazdo”, wyznaczono siłę działającą na kulę, naprężenia powstające na powierzchniach styku kuli i gniazda oraz inne parametry. Tarcie i zużycie pomiędzy cięgłem a prowadnicą jest również typowe dla tarcia i zużycia występujących pomiędzy drążkiem polerowanym a prowadnicą w zagłowiczeniu odwiertu. W tym drugim przypadku ze względu na to, że punkt zawieszenia głowicy wyważającej nie znajduje się w osi głowicy odwiertu, drążek polerowany nie może się poruszać w osi zaworu głowicy odwiertu.

3

Predation on Artificial Nests Imitating the Broods of Two Rallid Species: The Influence of Habitat Features

Chibowski P., Brzeziński M., Jedlikowski J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 4

573--584

EN

We tested the influence of nest concealment (vegetation type, density and height), water depth and nest distance from the bank on predation rates upon simulated nests of the water rail (Rallus aquaticus) and the little crake (Porzana parva). Broods of both rallids were simulated by real and wax-filled quail (Coturnix coturnix) eggs coloured typically for each species. Three grades of nest concealment were used: uncovered nests located on wooden floating boards, nests hidden in littoral vegetation and nests hidden under a plastic mesh covered with plants, which made them invisible from the air. Concealment proved to have a stronger impact on the fate of artificial nests than water depth; 95% of the nests on boards were depredated after one week of exposure. Nests attached to a peg at water level and hidden in vegetation had survival rates of 18 and 22%, after three weeks of exposure in two experiment repetitions. In 2012, we found significant differences between survival rates of nests located in different types of vegetation after the first week of the experiment: nests in bulrush (Typha spp.) had a higher survival rate than nests in sedge (Carex spp.) and common reed (Phragmites australis), and nests in sedge had a better survival rate than nests in reed. Those differences disappeared after the end of the experiment. In 2013, nests located in sedge (Carex spp.) had a better survival rate than nests located in bulrush (Typha spp.) or the common reed (Phragmites australis). Covering nests with plastic mesh and plants increased nest survival up to 38% after a three-week-long exposure period. Potential nest predators were monitored: mammals (mustelids and rodents) using live traps and birds by observation of their hunting activity. Filling quail eggshells with wax allowed us to identify the marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) as the main nest predator — in 67% of depredated nests, wax eggs carried marks of a raptor beak. American mink (Neovison vison) and the water vole (Arvicola amhibius), though abundant in the study area, were not important nest predators, as only a few bite marks of these mammals were recorded.

4

Standing seats for high-capacity trains

O’Neill C., Wake M., Fu L., Samuel-Horsfall Ch., Kor E., Vieira J., Dong -Fang Y.

Transport Problems

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2014

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T. 9, z. spec.

89--100

EN

This paper details the design and potential implementation of standing seats in a commuter rail vehicle for the purposes of maximising capacity and revenue. The vehicle interior design is suited to the “Commuter Class” – a subset of travellers who travel primarily within the commuter belt and frequently utilise rail networks on a daily basis but require little additional space for luggage or peripherals. The concept delivers capacity increases in excess of 50% whilst still offering passengers a greater degree of personal space when compared with standing in aisles or gangways. The impact on vehicle stability and supporting intelligent systems are also discussed, delivering a unique design tailored specifically to meet the needs of the commuter class passenger.

PL

Artykuł opisuje szczegółowo projekt stojących miejsc siedzących i potencjał ich wprowadzenia, w podmiejskim pojeździe kolejowym, w celu maksymalizacji wydajności i dochodów z przejazdu. Wnętrze takiego pojazdu jest dostosowane do ludzi przemieszczających się głównie w okręgu miejskim, podróżujących codziennie i wymagających odrobinę miejsca dla mniejszych bagaży czy urządzeń peryferyjnych. Koncepcja zapewnia wzrost pojemności o ponad 50%, dodatkowo oferując pasażerom jeszcze większy stopień osobistej przestrzeni w porównaniu ze staniem w korytarzach lub przejściach. Wpływ na stabilność pojazdu i wspieranie inteligentnych systemów są także uwzględnione, dostarczając tym samym unikalną konstrukcję dostosowaną specjalnie do potrzeb pasażera pociągów podmiejskich.

5

Effect of parental care on depredation of Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla L. nests: an experiment with artificial clutches

Zieliński J., Lik M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

761--769

EN

Small solitary open nesting passerines, such is the Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla that builds nest in the undergrowth, have little chance of successfully scaring off a predator to defend a nest. The aim of our study was to determine if parental care by Blackcaps can reduce the risk of depredation of its nests. We compared the survival of natural clutches with artificial clutches (plasticine and independently both plasticine & quail eggs). The artificial clutch was placed in a nest after the natural clutch had been concluded, and the results were analysed as matched pairs of data. We assumed that significantly higher survival rates of natural clutches than of artificial clutches deprived of parental care, might indicate a significant positive effect of parental care on reducing depredation risk of Blackcap clutches. Losses caused by birds, rodents and larger mammals were 49%, 41% and 9%, respectively. The differences in survival rates of artificial clutches (plasticine as well as quail & plasticine) and natural clutches were not statistically significant. This might show that parental care is not strong enough to significantly reduce depredation risk of Blackcap clutches. Although this conclusion should be treated cautiously because it was difficult to assess the influence of using artificial clutches on our results.

6

Wykorzystanie pomiaru poziomu hałasu w czasie badań oporów ruchu w układzie gniazdo - zawór - prowadnica dla bezkrzywkowego napędu zaworu

Siczek K.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2011

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R. 50, nr 3

PL

Przeprowadzono badania eksperymentalne na stanowisku, którego schemat zamieszczono w artykule. Obiektem badań były napędzane magnetoelektrycznie zawory stalowe i tytanowe współpracujące z żeliwnymi prowadnicami i gniazdami. Celem badań było uzyskanie wartości parametrów charakteryzujących pracę układu gniazdo - zawór - prowadnica. Na stanowisku badano wznios i przyspieszenie zaworu, siłę uderzenia zaworu o gniazdo, siłę oporów tarcia trzonka zaworu o prowadnicę, temperaturę gniazda i temperaturę prowadnicy. Ponadto mierzono poziom hałasu uderzenia zaworu o gniazdo. Badania przeprowadzono dla różnych wartości wzniosu zaworu, częstotliwości wymuszenia oraz temperatury pracy elementów. W wyniku pomiarów uzyskano wykresy poziomu hałasu w funkcji częstotliwości i czasu, zamieszczone w artykule. Opracowano także model stanowiska badawczego z użyciem Metody Elementów Skończonych. W modelu tym uzyskano rozkłady ciśnienia akustycznego i poziomy hałasu, zamieszczone w artykule. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na nieliniowy wzrost poziomu hałasu w funkcji częstotliwości wymuszenia, zaś rozkłady ciśnienia akustycznego sugerują miejsce umiejscowienia mikrofonu pomiarowego w czasie badań.

EN

Experimental researches have been carried out on the research stand, which scheme has been given in the article. Driven magneto electrically, steel and titanium valves mating with guides and seat inserts made of cast iron have been the object of investigations. The aim of the study has been to derive the parameters characterizing the work of the assembly seat insert - valve - guide. It has been studied the lift and acceleration of the valve, the valve impact force into seat insert, the friction force between valve stem and the guide, the temperature of the guide and of seat insert. The sound level from the impact of valve into its seat insert has been measured, either. Tests have been performed for different values of the valve lift, the frequency of excitation and the temperature for components. The graphs obtained by measuring the sound level as a function of frequency and time, have been included in the article. Also a model of the research stand has been developed using Finite Element Method. In this model it has been obtained distributions of sound pressure and of sound level, contained in the article. The results indicate the non-linear increase in noise levels as a function of excitation frequency, and sound pressure distributions suggest that the measurement microphone placement position during testing.

7

Site parameters' variance - a missing dimension in the studies of nest-site selection?

Skórka P., Martyka R., Wójcik J., Lenda M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 2

423-426

EN

In most studies of nest-site selection the data of habitat parameters are treated with analysis of variance. A basic assumption of this test is the homogeneity of variance. Here, we show that the nest-site selection process leads to lower variance of the selected parameters than in the case of random points which generally describe the available average characteristics of the environment. Thus, the variance should be accounted for in studies on nest-site selection and it should be treated not as a problem (as it is usually done), but as a source of additional important information on the selection process. Comparison only of mean values often does not lead to significant differences between nest site parameters and random points which may result from a small effect size (when animals select features similar to the general mean of available characteristics). Deeper insight into variance of the site parameters may elicit important results. We illustrate this issue with real data on nest site (islets and shores of water reservoirs) selection in the Common Gull Larus canus. Four (islet's area, vegetation height on islets, vegetation cover on shore and distance to nearest shrub or tree on shore) from eight parameters were favored by the birds and, as predicted, their variance values were lower than of those not selected (vegetation cover on islets, distance of the islets to shoreline, vegetation height on shore and distance to water).

8

Research on the tribological parameters for materials couples used for valves, valve guides and seat inserts

Siczek K., Kuchar M.

Tribologia

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2010

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nr 5

253-262

EN

Research on the tribological properties of TiAl alloys used for valves mating with valve guides and seat inserts, made of cast iron, has been done. The aim of the research has been to obtain values of the coefficient of friction for such tribological pairs and to simulate the dynamics of the material sample – rotating plate assembly, characteristic used in the research stand. The modified research stand is presented in the article. During research the values of the coefficient of friction, the temperature of sample, the level of sound and the acceleration of material sample were measured. The model of the research stand was for the simulation of the dynamics for the material sample – rotating plate assembly. The plots of the coefficient of friction vs. loading, slide velocity, and the duration of the motion of material sample in respect to the rotating plate are presented in the article. Using simulation results, the values of the damping coefficient were estimated, which allow one to obtain the value for the amplitude of the modelled motion for the material sample in respect to the rotating plate near to the value of the amplitude for the real motion. This estimation allows one to forecast the dynamics of the mentioned assembly for other values of velocity and loading.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania własności tribologicznych stopów TiAl, używanych dla zaworów współpracujących z żeliwnymi prowadnicami i gniazdami. Celem badań było uzyskanie wartości współczynnika tarcia dla tych par ciernych i symulacja dynamiki układu próbka materiału–wirująca tarcza, odpowiadającej wykorzystywanemu stanowisku badawczemu. W artykule przedstawiono zmodyfikowany tribotester typu pin-on-disc. Podczas badań mierzono wartości współczynnika tarcia, temperatury próbki, poziomu hałasu i przyspieszenia próbki materiału, a ich zależności od prędkości, obciążenia i liczby obrotów przedstawiono na wykresach. Opracowano model tribotestera do symulacji parametrów dynamicznych układu próbka materiału–wirująca tarcza. W oparciu o wyniki symulacji oszacowano wartości współczynników tłumienia, pozwalające uzyskać symulowana amplitudę ruchu próbki względem wirującej tarczy zbliżoną do amplitudy rzeczywistego ruchu. Określenie tego współczynnika tłumienia pozwala przewidywać parametry układu przy innych wartościach prędkości i obciążenia.

9

Zautomatyzowane gniazdo do elektrodynamicznego montażu elementów systemu rynnowego

Bednarczyk J., Walotek W.

Przegląd Mechaniczny

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2010

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nr 10

13-18

PL

W artykule przedstawiono opracowaną w AGH niekonwencjonalną metodę elektrodynamicznego montażu rury z pokrywą zbiornika rewizyjnego, który stanowi podzespół systemu rynnowego. Zaprezentowano również zautomatyzowane gniazdo z napędami pneumatycznymi do przemysłowego wytwarzania podzespołu z wykorzystaniem technologii elektrodynamicznej.

EN

The paper describes an unconventional method developed at AGH University of Science and Technology involving electrodynamic mounting of a pipe to cover on an inspection tank constituting gutter system component. Moreover, the paper presents an automated socket with pneumatic drives for industrial component production using electrodynamic technology.

10

Long-term changes in the size, structure and location of whiskered tern Chlidonias hybrida (L.) nests in deteriorating environmental conditions of a North African lake

Bakaria F., Benyacoub S., Gauthier-Clerc M., Bańbura J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 4

749-759

EN

Long-term changes in wetland habitats have been lately reported all over the world. Global warming and, in particular, irrigation and eutrophication of shallow lakes cause changes in vegetation, often in directions differing from the natural ecological succession. As a result, from the viewpoint of waterbirds, their nesting habitats deteriorate, which leads to changes in their breeding biology and distribution. In this paper the nesting of Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida (L.) was studied in changing habitat of Lake Tonga, the El-Kala National Park, NE Algeria in 1996 and 2005.2006. Since the 1960s, there has been a clear trend of extensive development of emergent and floating-leaved vegetation, with up to 80% of the lake surface being currently covered during summer. Nesting colonies of Whiskered Terns are mostly connected with beds of the white water-lily (Nymphaea alba L.). The average distance of breeding colonies from the shore line increased from 176 m in 1966 to 786 m in 2005 and 933 m in 2006. Over the study period, average nest size got twice smaller. Nest diameter was on the average 470 mm in 1996 and 236 mm in 2005.2006. The nests also changed shape and composition. The size and shape of nests were correlated with measures of their composition. Variables characterizing size, shape and composition of nests indeed differed in response to ecological variation of habitat between and within years. Our results suggest that the main function of Whiskered Tern nests is providing a firm support for eggs, incubating adults and young nestlings, which would correspond to the nest support hypothesis of Collias and Collias (1984). Nest size was influenced by ecological conditions in two ways: directly, by changing the availability of construction materials, and indirectly, by changing the distribution of colonies and, thus, physical conditions for nests. We also suggest that some components of the changes in nest size, shape and composition may be linked with the social and sexual signaling system of Whiskered Terns.

11

Autumn sexual display in Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus L.) as a component of the winter survival strategy

Pinowski J., Pinowska B., Zduniak P., Tryjanowski P., Jerzak L., Romanowski J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 1

159-169

EN

The evolution of organisms leads to the elimination of behaviors that are costly in terms of energy. One of such behaviors in the Tree Sparrow Passer montanus is the autumn display during which these birds construct nests. The purpose of this paper is to find out if this behavior is a part of the strategy for winter survival. The study of Tree Sparrows was conducted near Warsaw, Central Poland. During the breeding season, nest boxes were checked to record the presence of Tree Sparrow nests. Before the autumn display, breeding nests were dyed in order to identify nest material added in the period of autumn display. Nestlings in nest boxes, juveniles, and adults captured in mist-nets were banded with different combinations of color bands to identify their age during visual observations in the period of autumn sexual display. Juveniles and adults caught in mist-nets were classified as molted or not molted birds. In winter, nest boxes were checked to catch the birds roosting in them at night. Autumnal sexual display in Tree Sparrows is similar to the spring display. Both adults and juveniles leave the breeding colony in August and return after molt. They form pairs, copulate and build nests in fall. The autumn display is continued from the first ten days of September to early November. The number of Tree Sparrows participating in the autumn display increases with the percentage of the birds that completed molt in the population. In the first half of September, 16% of the population completed molt, while 99% in mid-October. On the average, adult birds formed pairs on 11 September (SD: 7.7 days), and juveniles on 17 September (SD: 8.0 days). Nest construction was started, on the average, 14.2 [plus or minus]8.7 days after pairing. The advance in nest building was dependent on the time of pair formation. Intensive nest building took place in the last 10-days period of September and in October. Early in November, nest building ceased with the onset of cool weather. The last birds to pair did not construct complete autumn nests and in winter they roosted in shrubs or in tree crowns. The building of autumn nest as a consequence of the autumn display, serving as a roosting place in winter, can be a consequence of natural selection promoting this behaviour.

12

The potential role of nests of Black-billed Magpie Pica pica L. in accumulation and dispersal of seeds in agricultural landscape

Czarnecka J., Kitowski I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 4

673-682

EN

The study aimed to describe the seed pool accumulated in the nest material of Magpie Pica pica, and to determine the importance of this mechanism of seed dispersal for such ecological processes as colonization of new habitats and expansion of alien plants. The seedling germination and seed extraction methods were used to determine seed abundance in the soil layer, the inner layer, and in the lining of 9 nests collected in three types of agricultural landscape: the first with domination of arable fields; the second with similar shares of arable fields and other landscape elements such as meadows of different types, shrubs, tree clumps and rushes; and the third with domination of lowland hay meadows. In all the nests, considerable numbers of diaspores were found (from 26 to 371 seeds per nest, belonging to more than 80 taxa). The main plant groups found in the nests are species connected with field roads, weeds and ruderal species, but also meadow and brushwood species were found there. The soil was gathered by birds from habitats with low vegetation cover and large areas of bare soil. Although the structure of seed pool of nests suggests that soil was mainly collected in the close vicinity of the nests. future location, this mechanism of seed dispersal can probably be involved in long distance dispersal. Seeds of two rare kenophytes: Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC were found in the material of nests localized more than 100 m away from their closest populations. It can be assumed that this mechanism of seed dispersal can play a potential role in the expansion of alien plants and colonisation of new habitats.

13

Summer nest sites of the common dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius L. in young woodlands of Lithuania

Juskaitis R., Remeisis R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

795-803

EN

Selection of nest sites by the common dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius L. depends on habitat type and suitable plants that can support and hide dormouse nests properly. Lithuania is situated in the northern part of the distribution rage of M. avellanarius. Some peculiarities of nest site selection in these dormice could be expected here compared to the regions situated further south because of differences in composition of the woody vegetation. Searches for nests of M. avellanarius were carried out in different young woodlands of Lithuania at 16 study sites, and detailed study of nest site selection in this species was carried out in an over-grown clearing in 2005-2006. In comparison to other parts of its distribution range, significant prevalence of Norway spruce as a nest supporting plant was observed in Lithuania. More than 70% of nest of M. avellanarius (n = 120) found in different young woodlands were situated in young spruce trees. In habitats where suitable spruce trees were absent or scarce, young deciduous trees (e.g. oak, ash, aspen, lime, hornbeam) and shrubs (e.g. hazel, bramble, raspberry, willow, honeysuckle) were selected for nesting sites. In overgrown mid-forest clearing, young spruce trees were evidently preferred by M. avellanarius as nest supporting plants despite their comparatively scarcity. Planted oak trees were selected by M. avellanarius for nesting in the plot of the clearing where young spruce trees were almost absent. The average height of dormouse nests was 1.0 [plus or minus] 0.6 m above ground in young woodlands, and it was related to the age and height of young trees and shrubs.

14

Effect of old nest material in nestboxes on ectoparasites abundance and reproductive output in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.)

Mazgajski T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 2

377-385

EN

Before breeding, hole nesting birds face the problem of the presence of old nest material from previous seasons in their nest sites. This material fills the cavity, making it shallower, resulting in greater brood vulnerability to predators, as well as creating good conditions for ectoparasite development. As a consequence, this may negatively affect many breeding parameters of hole nesters. However, adult birds may compensate the effect of blood sucking ectoparasites by increasing their feeding rates. It is known that the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris L. can deepen its nest site by removing old nest material. Therefore, a study was conducted to find out whether the presence of old nest material influences ectoparasite abundance in newly built nests, reproductive parameters, as well as nestling. body parameters and feeding rates in this species. An experiment with nestboxes was carried out in two forested areas. Two groups of nestboxes were prepared - one contained old nests from the previous breeding season, and the other group was cleaned with old nests removed. During the breeding season, data on Starling reproduction were collected, i.e. laying dates, clutch size and number of fledglings. Nestling body parameters were measured on the 6th, 9th, 13th and 17th days of their lives. On the 10th and 15th days of nestling life, the number of feedings was counted over a period of 30 minutes. Nests were collected and analyzed for the presence of ectoparasites. It was found that the average number of ectoparasites, both fleas and mites, was greater in nests built on old nest material, and that this number was highly correlated. In further analysis, two possible effects on reproductive output were investigated separately: the presence of old nest material and the abundance of ectoparasites. Clutch size and number of fledglings were smaller in broods from nestboxes containing old nest material, but there was no such relationship to laying dates and nestlings. body parameters (weight, tarsus and wing length). The number of feeding trips on the 10th day of nestling life was higher in .cleaned. nestboxes, but a similar level was achieved by the 15th day in both groups of nestboxes. It was found that ectoparasite abundance did not influence any of the studied parameters of Starling reproduction, i.e. breeding, nestlings. physical condition or number of feedings. This confirmed earlier findings that ectoparasite infestation at a natural level does not affect Starlings. breeding. It seems that the negative effect of the presence of old nest material in nest sites is connected to the costs of site preparation and old nest material removal, which are borne by the females.

15

Density, distribution and nest-sites of woodpeckers (Picidae) in a managed forest of Western Polan

Kosiński Z., Kempa M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 3

519-533

EN

Abundance, distribution and nest-site characteristics of woodpecker species (family Picidae), i.e., Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major L.), Middle Spotted Woodpecker (D. medius L.), Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (D. minor L.), Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius L.), Grey-faced Woodpecker (Picus canus Gmel.) and Wryneck (Jynx torquilla L.), coexisting in managed forest are described. All species preferred old deciduous forest stands ([is greater than or equal to] 81 years old) as nest-sites, however, they differed in most aspects of nest site selection. Great- and Middle Spotted Woodpeckers excavated nest-holes most commonly in oaks (78 and 86% of nests, respectively), but Black- and Grey-faced Woodpeckers in beeches (71 and 100% of nests). However, placement of nest-holes within the same tree species differed among woodpecker species. Great Spotted- and Grey-faced Woodpeckers nested three meters lower (9 m) compared to Middle Spotted and Black Woodpeckers (12 m). Lesser Spotted- Woodpeckers excavated breeding holes relatively the highest in respect to tree height. With the exception of Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers, all specie used live trees as nest sites. Weaker excavators such as Middle Spotted- and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers, nested more frequently in limbs and branches (31 and 25% of nests, respectively) compared to strong excavators, i.e., Great Spotted-, Black- and Greyfaced Woodpeckers (<8% of nests in limbs or branches). Weaker excavators more frequently selected dead tree fragments compared to strong excavators.

16

Certyfikacja przekaźników i gniazd

Ochocki T.

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2005

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R. 7, nr 1

38--39

PL

Użytkownicy wyrobów oczekują od producentów zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa ich użytkowania, wysokiej jakości i trwałości. Potwierdzeniem spełnienia tych wymagań jest zapewnienie zgodności wyrobów z normami narodowymi i międzynarodowymi. W niektórych krajach – np. USA, Kanada, Rosja – certyfikacja wyrobu potwierdzająca zgodność z wymogami odpowiednich norm narodowych jest obowiązkowa i wyrób musi przejść procedurę oceny zgodności w instytucjach certyfikujących, aby mógł być dopuszczony do sprzedaży. W innych krajach – jak np. kraje Unii Europejskiej – to producent ponosi odpowiedzialność za to, aby konstrukcja i produkcja wyrobu spełniała wymogi odpowiednich norm. Jednostki certyfikujące przeprowadzają procedurę badawczą wg mających zastosowanie odpowiednich norm, a następnie cyklicznie audytują proces produkcji, aby potwierdzać zachowywanie wymogów dla bieżącej produkcji certyfikowanego wyrobu.

17

Zmiany temperatury w gnieździe dla prosiąt spowodowane ruchem powietrza w jego otoczeniu

Houszka H.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

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2003

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R. 11, nr 3

55--62

PL

Przebadanych zostało 6 modeli gniazd ogrzewanych płytą podłogową, które monitorowane były w ciszy i przy ruchu powietrza o prędkości 0,5 m/s, płynącym prostopadle do ściany frontowej gniazda. Stwierdzono, że przy ruchu powietrza temperatura wewnątrz modeli A, B, i C obniżyła się, a wewnątrz gniazda D wzrosła. Zmiany te były niewielkie (średnio 0,4-1,2K). Przeniesienie wejścia do gniazda ze ściany długiej na krótką dające pogłębienie przestrzeni gniazda i zmniejszenie otworu wejściowego (modele C1 i D1), również spowodowało wzrost temperatury wewnątrz gniazda. Daje to podstawę do stwierdzenia, że konstrukcje pozwalające na swobodny napływ i wypływ powietrza z gniazda powoduje jego wychłodzenie, lecz w mniejszym stopniu niż można by oczekiwać. Natomiast przy konstrukcjach wymuszających krążenie powietrza we wnętrzu gniazda następuje zjawisko odwrotne, czyli wzrost temperatury, a dodatkowo daje się w nich zauważyć wyrównanie jej wartości w strefie przebywania zwierząt.

EN

The influence of air movement in farrowing pen on the air temperature within piglets' creep area was monitored. The creep area was encased with 6 different cover constructions and tested undr the quiet condition and at the 0.5 m/s air flow. Experimental results indicated that the influence of air flow on thermal conditions within covered creep area was unexpectedly small (less than 1.2 K). Comparison of the results obtained under draft movement to results under quiet conditions showed, that the air temperature in the piglets' nest was lower under cover A, B and C, while inside the model D the air temperature was higher. It could be said, that the cover constructions making possible free air movement inside the nest, lowered the temperature. A contrary phenomenon was recorded under the cover forcing the air circulation inside. It lets also notice more even horizontal temperature distribution in zone of animals' sojourn.