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Wykorzystanie wysokorozdzielczych danych obrazowych w opracowaniach kartograficznych do celów wojskowych

Bauer R.W., Piotrowski A., Stępień G.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 1

25--35

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wykorzystanie wysokorozdzielczych danych obrazowych do celów wojskowych. Autorzy wskazali trzy zasadnicze obszary wykorzystania danych fotogrametrycznych i teledetekcyjnych, którymi są mapy wektorowe (bazy danych georeferencyjnych), analizy geoprzestrzenne oraz opracowania specjalne - mapy obrazowe (image maps). Przedstawiono zalety i ograniczenia ortofotomapy satelitarnej i innych opracowań specjalnych, wykonywanych i wykorzystywanych przez wojska NATO w warunkach pokoju oraz w strefie działań wojennych.

EN

The article presents the application of very high resolution imagery data in military cartographic elaborations. Three basic areas of application photogrammetry and remote sensing data have been indicated: vector maps (georeferenced data bases), geospatial analysis and special elaborations - image maps. Basic vector data bases created by NATO using very high resolution imagery data are mainly Vmap bases (vector map bases) with detail levels corresponding to information resolution of particular scales of cartographic elaboration: LO -1:1 000 000, L1 - 1:250 000, L2 - 1:50 000 and L3 - 1:25 000. Military vector maps (Vmap) enable spatial analyses using topology of presented terrain objects and attributes assigned to them. The other data base elaborated as part of an international agreement (including Poland) which uses very high resolution satellite images is the basis created within the framework of the MGCP project (Multinational Geospatial Co-production Program), in which 32 countries currently participate. MGCP is a global basis. The idea of the project is to create data for regions of interest, areas of current and potential conflicts and threats. The characteristic feature of data in the MGCP project is the fact that they don't include a full range of objects required to create some kinds of maps, e.g. the topographic map. These data cannot be field verified and horizontal detail of object location should have an error of no more than 25 meters. Information concerning borders, their course and status can be treated differently in each country taking part in the program, so in order to avoid potential conflict of interest it has been decided not to include such data in MGCP. The article also presents special elaborations done during stability missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Image maps have presently become basic cartographic material in regions of conflict and hazards. They also constitute the basis for conducting further analyses. They are special maps (which thus do not undergo strict standard limitations), so the information range, scale and sheet size are conformed to particular user needs and the task performed. Application of very high resolution area imageries on stability missions in war zones is common practice. This is done because of the particularities of climatic, meteorological, logistical and organizational conditions as well as safety precautions. The article characterizes kinds of image data used by the army while showing the possibilities of creating cartographic elaborations and conducting geospatial analyses on the basis of this data. Through current image data it is possible to create quick cartographic elaborations mainly used in war zones, but which are more and more often made useful in elaborations intended for use during times of peace. Usage of satellite images has led to the emergence of a new type of product - image maps. Their elaboration standards have a loosely defined reference system and content range. Their applications are limited, e.g. they cannot be used for precise navigation. The kind of realized task and map addressee requirements are decisive here.

2

Polskie mapy topograficzne do użytku powszechnego – ćwierć wieku sukcesów czy niepowodzeń?

Kowalski P., Siwek J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 4

334--343

PL

W artykule zostały omówione dokonania państwowej służby geodezyjnej i kartograficznej na polu kartografii topograficznej po 1989 roku. Zwrócono uwagę na duże braki pokrycia Polski aktualnymi mapami topograficznymi do użytku powszechnego, a także na próbę poprawy stanu naszej kartografii topograficznej poprzez opracowanie dla całego kraju Georeferencyjnej Bazy Danych Obiektów Topograficznych.

EN

Twenty four years pass since the repeal of restrictions that for over 40 years impeded progress in Polish cartography, and the production of topographic maps for general use in particular. Since then, a division of topographic mapping into civilian and military branches that existed before 1898 has been maintained. The evaluation of military maps is not the subject of this article but the military’s role in broadening the choice of topographic maps for civilian users must be acknowledged. In democratic Poland, the first army-made map for general distribution was The Topographic Map of Poland at a scale of 1:200 000 published in 1990–1992 based on data current for the eighties of the 20th century. The second important undertaking was the publication in 1993–2001 of The Topographic Map of Poland at 1:100 000 with added tourist content and the data current as of the eighties and the first half of the nineties. Those two military maps are the only topographic maps of the whole country published after 1990 to meet the needs of civilian users. At the same time period, the civil cartographic service has not delivered any complete map in any scale amid several unsuccessful attempts. Efforts to develop a new concept of a topographic map of Poland at a scale of 1:10 000 began in 1991, and for the 1:50 000 series in 1993. Grounding the maps’ concepts firmly on solid theoretical basis and original mathematical foundations made it possible to map the entire country in a uniform coordinate system (the “1992” system). The resulting set of rules for compiling the contents of both maps and their graphic representation was successively revised taking into account suggestions from the development teams as well as the numerous opinions of other people and institutions. The work on the 1:10 000 map concept continued until 1999. In the analog version, the map covered less than 25% of the country area (all cities and towns with their surroundings and economically important regions). In 2003 works began to design a 1:10 000 map series based on a topographic data base. As of November 2013, approximately 1400 sheets of that series have been completed with content current for the last decade. The development of the final concept for the 1:50 000 map series took 5 years and was completed in 1998. It is worth emphasizing that the 1:50 000 map is very detailed and features a new, original approach to the classification of built-up areas that employs criteria of functionality and physiognomy, not used in other maps, domestic or foreign. However, after nearly eight years (1995–2002) and after publishing 589 sheets (about 55% of the total coverage), the work on the remaining part of the series has been halted. An alternative to the unfinished map series was supposed to be a civilian version of the 1:50 000 military map (VMap L2) in the “WGS-84” coordinate system. Until 2006, the alternative map covered about ¼ of Poland, with a large proportion of the new sheets having earlier counterparts in the “1992” coordinate system. With the content up-to-datedness raging between 1993 and 2006, these maps jointly cover about 74% of the Poland’s land area. For the rest of the country, an old 1:50 000 map is available that was published from 1977 to 1982 using data current for the 1970s. An overview of source materials for the 1:50 000 series in the “1992” coordinate system indicates that many of its map sheets fail to comply with the rules and procedures established for that series. According to those instructions, an up-to-date map at 1:10 000 was to be used as the source material for compiling the maps at 1:50 000 series. However, only 45% of the total number of 1:50 000 map sheets (265) have been made exclusively on the basis of the 1:10 000 map – the source material for the remaining sheets consisted of topographic maps at 1:50 000 (as many as 252 sheets!) and 1:25 000. This puts a question mark on the reliability of over a half of the published sheets. The present state of Polish topographic maps for general use is unsatisfactory. The majority of map coverage is significantly out of date, and three map series that cover Poland at 1:50 000 are incompatible in terms of mathematical basis, content classification and graphic design. Efforts undertaken in recent years by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography give rise to hope for the improvement of Polish topographic mapping. The pace of work on the topographic database, which began at the onset of the 21st century, have accelerated considerably in 2010 thanks to the implementation of the EU INSPIRE Directive in Poland. Subsequently, a geo-referenced data base (BDOT10k) is under construction resembling in terms of accuracy and precision a 1:10 000 topographic map. The database is planned to be used for the compilation of topographic maps at scales from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. Its completion is expected in 2013.

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Koncepcja krajowej bazy georeferencyjnej

Bac-Bronowicz J., Pakuła-Kwiecińska K.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2007

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nr 6

45-45

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Wykorzystanie georeferencyjnych baz danych do zarządzania kryzysowego na przykładzie Krakowa

Kolińska M., Chrobak T.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2006

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T. 4, z. 1

127-133

EN

In the paper the possibilities of using some spatial data in crisis managing are presented. Those spatial data are gathered by the Geodesic and Cartographic Documentation Center at the level of county as is the case of Cracow Municipality. The information scope of the database of the basic map, ground and building registry maps and orthophotomaps for crisis management in the city is discussed. Moreover, some barriers of the Polish law, impeding free access to data necessary for crisis managing, are indicated. These barriers include: m roads, rivers and and lie of land are not regularly updated in the content of the basic map, m high costs of access to spatial data are the main cause that units (organizations) of crisis management do not use georeference data base.