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1

Soil Erosion Estimation Using an Empirical Model, Hypsometric Integral and Geo-Information Science – A Case Study

Maliqi Edon, Kumar Nirmal, Latifi Loresa, Singh Sudhir Kumar

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

62--72

EN

An approach that integrates the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques was used to determine the soil erosion vulnerability of a forested mountainous watershed. The spatial pattern of annual soil loss rate was obtained by integrating geo-environmental variables in a raster data format based geoinformatics methods and tools. Thematic layers including rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodability (K), slope length and steepness (LS), cover management (C), and conservation practice (P) factors were computed to determine their effects on average annual soil loss in the Mitrovica city. The serial thematic map of annual soil erosion shows a maximum soil loss of 112.61 ton·ha-1·y-1 with a close relation to grass land areas, degraded forests and deciduous forests on the steep side-slopes (with high LS). The geographic age of the region shown by the hypsometric analysis was mature to old stage. The serial erosion maps compiled with the RUSLE model and GIS can serve as effective inputs in deriving strategies for land planning and management in terms of environment concerns.

2

Characterisation of potholes formed on bedrock sandstones at Loei Dun, Phetchabun Geopark, Thailand

Singtuen Vimoltip, Junjuer Thitaree

Geologos

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2022

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Vol. 28, No. 1

39--50

EN

Phetchabun National Geopark comprises varied geosites; one of the fluvial bedrock landforms distinguished here is Loei Dun. This shows many potholes in Mesozoic sandstone of the Nam Phong Formation (Khorat Group). A genetic study of the occurrence of the Loei Dun potholes lends it a higher geoheritage value. For the present study we did fieldwork and carried out petrographical and geotechnical analyses so as to classify and characterise the potholes and consider geotourism potentials. Petrographically, the bedrock sandstone is a lithic arenite which consists of 82-96 percent very fine to coarse, well-sorted subangular sand with low sphericity and calcite cementation. Our geotechnical analysis of the bedrock sandstone suggests that pothole occurrence may be linked to low rock strength and slake durability index with high rock absorption and porosity at Loei Dun. Field studies confirmed the impact of other factors such as joints/faults, fluvial conditions and biological weathering. There are five types of pothole, viz., simple ones, potholes with external furrows, compound potholes, breached potholes and lateral ones. The present study adds educational value to the Loei Dun geosite at Phetchabun Geoparks and cultural and economic aspects can be further strengthened through the development of geotourism in the area.

3

Landscape evolution in the Finke (Larapinta) river transverse drainage, Central Mountain Ranges, Australia

Baker Victor R.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2021

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Vol. 55

9--44

EN

The cross-axial pattern of the Finke (Larapinta) River across the central ranges of Australia developed through a complex combination of processes including early planation; deep weathering (late Mesozoic/early Cainozoic); long-term stream impression; etchplanation; progressive aridity, leading to late (Pliocene and Quaternary) changes in fluvial flood regimen; all associated with regressive river erosion, stream capture, and/or epeirogenic movements. An early phase of etchplanation explains the development on easily weathered rocks of intramontane basins and strike valleys. Combined with stream impression, this process led to the superposing of the Finke and the Hugh Rivers across resistant rock units. The most unusual aspect of the Finke is a palimpsest, developed in the Krichauff Ranges, in which an ancient, relict gorge, is incised into a local planation surface (the Shoulder Surface), and preserved as paleomeander segments, in which the original quartzite gravel fill has been cemented with iron oxides and silica. The Shoulder Surface was subsequently more deeply incised by a later manifestation of the river to produce the meandering contemporary gorge that is intertwined with the relict one. The incision of the contemporary gorge occurred in association with the change in flood regimen, and involved either (1) prior aggradation of the incised paleomeandering stream to permit alluvial meandering across the Shoulder Surface and subsequent incision into it, or (2) headward recession of a knick point created where the Finke flowed from resistant sandstones into what are now the strike valleys of the James Ranges, from which weathered mantles had been removed by etchplanation processes.

4

Zróżnicowanie i zmiany rzeźby terenu historycznego pola górniczego na Osicowej Górze k. Stąporkowa (NW obrzeżenie Gór Świętokrzyskich)

Kusztal Piotr, Pabian Grzegorz, Kalicki Tomasz, Nowak Ewa, Przepióra Paweł

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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vol. 68, nr 2

127--134

EN

As a result of historical human interference in the natural environment (iron ore mining) of the Osicowa Góra hill area, there are very clear relief transformations, whose location reflects the occurrence of minerals (the geological structure). Geomorphological forms, co-creating the post-industrial relief, are of various sizes, concentrations, arrangements and ages. They are susceptible to the impact of exogenous processes. Their secondary transformations are highly dynamic.

5

A geomorphodiversity map of the Soutpansberg Range, South Africa

Kori Edmore, Onyango Odhiambo Beneah Daniel, Chikoore Hector

Landform Analysis

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2019

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Vol. 38

13--24

EN

Within the emerging broad science of geodiversity, geomorphological diversity (geomorphodiversity) assesses the form of surface features of a place or region. This paper uses SRTM data and GIS techniques to assess geomorphological diversity of the Soutpansberg range, in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Suitable factors to assess geomorphological diversity were identified as geology, slope position, soil erodibility, landform position, relative heights, insolation, hydrography and ruggedness. Each factor was normalised to five classes by applying natural breaks. All the eight factors were weighted before overlaying. The weighting reveal that respectively, geology, slope and soils carry more weight. Ruggedness, relative height and insolation carry the least weight, in that order. The final geomorphodiversity map reveals that almost half of the Soutpansberg range has high to very high geomorphological diversity. We conclude that factor specific research can add more information to geomorphodiversity research and education.

6

The 9th International Conference on Geomorphology in New Delhi, 2017 : report

Mazurek M.

Landform Analysis

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2017

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Vol. 35

3--7

EN

This report contains short information about the 9th International Conference on Geomorphology in New Delhi in 2017 organised by the International Association of Geomorphologists and the Indian Geomorphology Institute.

7

Geotouristic values of the Gorce National Park and its surroundings (The Outer Carpathians, Poland)

Szczęch M., Cieszkowski M., Chodyń R., Loch J.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2016

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nr 1-2

27--44

EN

The Gorce Mountains are a picturesque range in the Polish sector of the Outer Carpathians. They are built with turbiditic deposits, representing sedimentary successions of the Krynica and Bystrica Subunits of the Magura Nappe, Late Cretaceous- Paleogene in age. In the Gorce Mts. the majority of lithostratigraphic divisions representing discussed subunits are very well exposed in numerous outcrops. The deposits of the Magura Nappe are folded, locally thrust, and cut by the strike-slip and oblique fault system. This nappe in the Gorce Mts. covers tectonically units of the Foremagura Group of Nappes, which crop out in two tectonic windows. From Rabka-Zdrój and Szczawa mineral waters are well known. Morphology of the Gorces Mts. is varied. A lot of rock tors occur there, as well as landslides, often extensive. Good localizations, varied geology, great land relief and rich live nature, as well as the highlander culture and monuments make the Gorce Mts. an area of high geotouristic potential.

PL

Gorce są malowniczym pasmem w polskiej części Zachodnich Karpat Zewnętrznych. Są one zbudowane z turbidytowych, późnokredowo-paleogeńskich utworów reprezentujących osadowe sukcesje krynickiej i bystrzyckiej podjednostki płaszczowiny magurskiej. W Gorcach większość wydzieleń litostratygraficznych reprezentujących wspomniane podjednostki jest bardzo dobrze eksponowana w licznych odsłonięciach. Utwory płaszczowiny magurskiej są sfałdowane, lokalnie złuskowane i pocięte systemem poprzecznych i ukośnych uskoków. Płaszczowina magurska w Gorcach przykrywa tektonicznie jednostki przedmagurskiej grupy płaszczowin, które odsłaniają się w dwu tektonicznych oknach. W Rabce-Zdroju i w Szczawie wykorzystywane są wody mineralne. Rzeźba Gorców jest zróżnicowana. Występują tu liczne skałki oraz osuwiska, często rozległe. Dogodna lokalizacja, interesująca budowa geologiczna, wspaniała rzeźba tego pasma, bogata fauna i fora oraz dziedzictwo kulturalne miejscowej ludności wpływają na duży potencjał geoturystyczny Gorców.

8

Using LIDAR topography data for determination of morphology and terrace levels of the River Ogre Valley in Middle Latvia Lowland

Ivanovs J., Krievans M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

76

EN

Development of the geodetic and remote sensing techniques in the last decade makes it possible to carry out detailed geomorphological studies and acquire a high quality geospatially accurate data. One of the latest technologies available for collecting topography data is Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) which uses fast-firing laser to measure distances from small aircraft to the surface of the earth (Bowen et al. 2002). The study area occupies the Middle Latvia lowland. Previous studies of the River Ogre valley has been made in 1970s (Eberkhard 1972). Recent studies have been carried to supplement information of the distribution of river terraces. Riverbed of the River Ogre valley in Middle Latvia lowland is mostly straight or meandering, with individual branched stages. Valley width mostly ranging from 250 m to 500 m, while in some stages width is only 100 m, while in others reaches up to 1400 m. For this study, classified LiDAR data in ASCII format have been acquired from Latvian Geospatial Information Agency. Digital elevation model (DEM) with raster cell size 1×1 m has been made using Global Mapper v15software. DEMs with raster cell size 0.5×0.5 m and 2×2 m have been also made, however DEM with raster cell size 1×1 m was assessed as optimal, because the amount of data and information processing time, as well as terrain data quality is sufficient to achieve the objective. Such a choice of raster cell size is also based on other studies (Wheaton et al. 2010, Brasington et al. 2012). Longitudinal profile of the River Ogre has been made using DEM and is based on more than 400 valley cross profiles. The longitudinal profile consists of all of detected fragments of terraces, floodplain and elevation of valley margins.To ensure that the DEM is accurate, field observations were carried out and several terraces and shorelines of Quaternary palaeolakes were detected. For example, Zemgale palaeolake shoreline associated with River Ogre valley Ranka spectrum IV terrace, which is visible in the nature and clearly traced on elevation model. The obtained results show that six different terrace levels of Ranka spectrum were detected. I, II, and III terraces are related to levels of the River Daugava terraces, IV terrace is related to Zemgale paleolake but V and VI terrace is linked to various water levels of Daudzeva paleolake.

9

Morphological and morphometrical analyses reveal the avalanche influence over the talus cones in the Rybi Potok Valley, Tatra Mountains

Lempa M., Kaczka R. J., Rączkowska Z.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2015

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Vol. 49

15--33

EN

Intense physical weathering engenders formation of scree cones at the foot of slopes dissected by couloirs. Combination of several geomorphic processes operating within the slope results in formation of cones of a polygenetic character (talus-alluvial cones, rockfall talus cones, or – in particular cases, talus-alluvial-avalanche cones). This study was aimed at determination of morphometric parameters characteristic for particular morphogenetic types of the cones in the Rybi Potok Valley in the High Tatra Mountains. For the purpose of the research, knowledge about the terrain and available cartographic materials (geological, geomorphological and topographical maps, LiDAR data) were employed. In the studied valley, 24 cones were selected and for each of them, morphogenetic types and morphometric parameters (surface, minimal and maximal height, roughness coefficient, Topographic Position Index) were determined. The correlations between different parameters enabled establishment and determination of the combination of morphometric parameters typical for the particular types of the cones. The impact of snow avalanches on one of the cones (at the mouth of Żleb Żandarmerii) was identified. This cone has morphometric parameters dissimilar to those of the other cones in the studied valley. It is the only cone in the valley which was classified as the avalanche cone.

10

Powódź w Świniarach

Wierzbowski G.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2014

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nr 7

26--28

11

Jak pokazać rzeźby?

Królikowski J.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2014

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nr 3

23

12

Mapa geomorfologiczna województw pomorskiego i warmińsko-mazurskiego z wykorzystaniem metod geoinformatycznych

Marcinkowska A., Ochtyra A., Olędzki J. R., Wołk-Musiał E., Zagajewski B.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

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2013

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T. 49

43--79

EN

The aim of this study was to prepare geomorphological maps of pomorskie and warminsko-mazurskie voivodeships in scale 1:300 000. Analysis primarily were based on the General Geomorphological Map of Poland 1:500 000 and Landsat 5 TM satellite images in RGB 453 composition, and alternatively with Geological Map of Poland 1:200 000, Topographic Map of Poland 1:100 000 and Digital Terrain Model from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. These materials were processed into digital form and imported them PUWG 1992 coordinate system. Based on them was lead interpretation and vectorization of geomorphological forms. It was detailing the boundaries in accordance with the content of the General Geomorphological Map of Poland 1:500 000. Then polygons were coded according to the numbering of J. Borzuchowski (2010). Very important was process to design a legend and then editing maps. The last stage of this study was to prepare a composition for printing maps. The effect of studies are geomorphological maps of pomorskie and warminsko-mazurskie voivodeships in scale 1:300 000, and an interactive databases in ESRI shapefile format (*.shp).

13

Prognozowany wpływ projektowanej biogazowi rolniczej w Złotnikach Małych k/Kalisza na glebę oraz wodę gruntową i powierzchniową

Mastyński J., Małecka I., Staszewski Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna w Kształtowaniu Środowiska

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2012

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Nr 5-6

58-68

PL

Planowana biogazownia rolnicza o mocy elektrycznej około 1.2 MW z możliwością rozbudowy do 1,9 MW, przewidywana jest w miejscowości Złotniki Małe KkKalisza. Powierzchnia terenu przewidzianego pod inwestycje wynosi około 2,58ha. Podstawową działalnością planowanej biogazowi będzie skojarzenie technologii produkcji energii elektrycznej i cieplnej w agregatach kogeneracyjnych. Do produkcji biogazu tj. niezbędnego paliwa wykorzystana będzie fermentacja metanowa związków organicznych. Podstawowym wsadem będzie mieszanina kiszonki roślinnej oraz gnojowicy. Poziom wody gruntowej płytko zalegającej (0,69 - 0,94 m. p.p.t.) na terenie przeznaczonym pod budowę biogazowni, jest ściśle powiązany z poziomem wody (wodostanem) w rzece Bawół.

EN

The prospective agricultural biogas plant of app. 1.2 MW scalable up to 1.9 MW should be built in Złotniki Małe n/Kalisz. The area of the land under investment occupies app. 2.58 ha. The basic activity of the intended biogas plant will involve association of electric and heat power in cogenerating aggregates. Methane fermentation of organic compounds will be used to produce biogas, which is the necessary fuel. The basic charge will be a mix of plant silage and manure. The level of shallow underground water (0.69 - 0.94 m underground) in the area where the biogas plant is intended is closely related to the water level in the Bawół river.

14

Wspomnienie o Mieczysławie Sinkiewiczu (1950–1995)

Kunz M., Kozieł Z.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

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2012

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T. 47

3--13

EN

He was a very promising researcher1 at the Institute of Geography of Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU) in Toruń, with diverse research interests focussing particularly on remote sensing and its practical applications. He passed away aged 45, at the threshold of his research and organisational career, in the most creative period in life, and with advanced work on his postdoctoral dissertation. This happened during a scientifi c expedition to Iceland, whose main research theme was the monitoring of changes of Iceland’s natural surface using ERS–1 and ERS–2 satellite images and other remote sensing systems.

15

Archiwalne materiały kartowania geomorfologicznego Polski w dobie kartografii cyfrowej

Kijowski A., Żynda S., Mania W.

Landform Analysis

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2012

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Vol. 19

41-48

PL

Inicjatywa wznowienia prac nad dokończeniem przerwanego w końcu lat 60. kartowania geomorfologicznego Polski w skali 1:50 000 zainspirowała autorów do przedstawienia propozycji wykorzystania materiałów archiwalnych, pochodzących z kartowania geomorfologicznego prowadzonego w ciągu ostatnich 60 lat w Polsce do tworzenia map cyfrowych z zastosowaniem systemów informacji geograficznej (GIS). Przedstawiono zarys historyczny oraz przypomniano metodykę przeprowadzania kartowania geomorfologicznego w Polsce w ciągu ostatnich dekad. Następnie na podstawie doświadczeń zdobytych podczas pracy nad przekształceniem "Mapy geomorfologicznej Wysoczyzny Torzymskiej w skali 1:50 000" (1964) do postaci mapy wektorowej omówiono główne etapy pracy nad archiwalną mapą, ze wskazaniem problemów, jakie można napotkać przy takiej pracy. Zwieńczeniem artykułu jest dyskusja nad możliwościami i zasadnością wykorzystania materiałów archiwalnych we współczesnej cyfrowej kartografii geomorfologicznej.

EN

A valuable initiative to resume work on geomorphological mapping at 1:50 000 scale has inspired the authors to present the potential of archival materials gathered from the geomorphological mapping carried out in the last 60 years in Poland. One of the discussed issues is the possibilities of transformation of cartographic archives into geographic information system (GIS). Historical outline of geomorphological mapping in Poland was presented. Also some methodological remarks were pointed out. On the basis of experience gained while working on Torzym Plateau geomorphological vector map main stages of map transformation into GIS were identified and presented, with an indication of problems you might encounter in such work. The conclusion of the article is the discussion of the possibilities and merits of the use of archives in contemporary digital geomorphological mapping.

16

Transformation from natural (thermal contraction) to anthropogenic (resource exploitation) depressions in the Krotoszyn-Koźmin-Raszków area (Polish Lowland)

Stankowski Wojciech

Geologos

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2012

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Vol. 18, No. 1

43--50

EN

An exceptional concentration of almost identical depressions exist near the small towns of Krotoszyn, Koźmin and Raszków (southern Wielkopolska). Their origin is, however, different from that of the typical post glacial-relief: they are Man-made enlarged thermal-contraction structures that developed at the very end of the Middle Polish (Warthian) glaciation and during the North Polish (Weichselian) glaciation, most probably under periglacial conditions.

17

The use of 3D graphic modelling in geoarchaeological investigations (Bykowszczyzna archaeological site near Kock, e Poland)

Łojek J.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2012

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Vol. 1, iss. 1

31--37

EN

The objective of this paper was to use the ArcView 3.2 application for spatial modelling of the exploration forms (pits) in the Bykowszczyzna 8 archaeological site. The 3D digital documentation at a specific scale makes possible easy archiving, presentation, and simple spatial analyses of the examined objects. The ArcView 3.2 programme and its extensions (Spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst), commonly used as analytical tools in geomorphology, were inventively used for inventory-making in the archaeological site. Traditional field sketches were only a base, which enables entering data into the programme, and don’t documentation material in itself as it used to be. The method of data visualization proposed by the author gives new possibilities for using the GIS platform software.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano projekt wykorzystania aplikacji ArcView 3.2 w modelowaniu obrazu form eksploracyjnych na stanowisku archeologicznym Bykowszczyzna 8. Stanowisko zostało objęte programem ratowniczych badań archeologicznych w związku z budową obwodnicy miasta Kocka na trasie krajowej nr 19 relacji Siemiatycze–Lublin–Nisko. Zasadniczy etap prac archeologicznych na stanowisku Bykowszczyzna 8 obejmował pozyskanie oraz inwentaryzację materiału zabytkowego wypełniającego formy. W wyniku wybrania tego materiału, w obszarze stanowiska pozostają charakterystyczne jamy gospodarcze, które stanowią negatywowy obraz wypełnienia formy. Kształt jam jest dokumentowany w postaci szkiców oraz fotografii. Dokumentacja ta stanowi punkt wyjścia procesu digitalizacji (materiał źródłowy). Treścią artykułu jest sporządzenie cyfrowej dokumentacji zawierającej plany stanowiska w kilku poziomach szczegółowości (dla pasa, pola oraz pojedynczych form) oraz wygenerowanie modeli w standardzie 3D. Dokumentacja taka umożliwia łatwą archiwizację oraz czytelną prezentację wybranych obiektów. Możliwe jest również wykonanie analiz przestrzennych. Funkcje programu ArcView 3.2. oraz jego rozszerzeń: Spatial Analyst i 3D Analyst wykorzystywane jako narzędzia analityczne w geomorfologii, w sposób nowatorski zostały zastosowane w pracach inwentaryzacyjnych na stanowisku archeologicznym. Wykonywane tradycyjnymi metodami szkice terenowe, są w tym przypadku tylko podkładem umożliwiającym wprowadzenie danych do programu, a nie jak dotychczas materiałem dokumentacyjnym samym w sobie. Zaproponowana przez autora metoda wizualizacji danych, daje nowe możliwości wykorzystania programów środowiska GIS oraz jest kolejnym krokiem w dziedzinie współpracy geografów i archeologów.

18

Cyfrowa mapa geomorfologiczna Mazowsza

Napiórkowska M.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

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2011

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T. 45

23--39

EN

The goal of this paper is to present a scope and a research method of preparing the digital geomorphological map of Mazovia of the scale 1:300000. The map was prepared in the ArcGIS environment on the base of remote sensing (RGB 453 composition of the Landsat TM) and carthographic data (the General Geomorphological Map of Poland of the scale 1:500000, the Geological Map of Poland of the scale 1:200000, topographic maps and the DEM from the SRTM) interpretation. The maps were scanned, geocorrected and digitalised. Built layers were used for creating geomorphological units in the scale of 1:300000. The final stage was editing and creating the hard copy and the digital version of the Maziovia geomorphological map.

19

Geomorfometria - parametry morfometryczne w charakterystyce rzeźby terenu

Wieczorek M., Żyszkowska W.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2011

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T. 43, nr 2

130-144

PL

Autorki przedstawiają geomorfometrię jako dziedzinę związaną z określaniem morfometrycznych cech powierzchni terenu, jej podstawowe problemy oraz metody oparte na numerycznych modelach terenu.

EN

Morphometry, which has been accompanying geography sińce 19th century, establishes numerical parameters describing Earth surface relief. Every type of measurement is conditioned by certain methodological assumptions which determine the way they are conducted. In the process it is very important to adjust the scale of the elaboration to the size of forms under analysis and to the goal of research. The choice of the size of reference units in which morphometric parameters are determined is equally essential. A.F. Pitty (1969), A.J.W. Gerard and DA. Robinson (1971) stressed the relation between the calculated slope angle and the size of the interval in which the angle is measured, even during measurements in open terrain. Morphometric parameters in traditional morphometry were determined on the basis of contour-line image of relief. Slope and slope aspect were then determined. Nowadays, the parameters are calculated on the basis of digital terrain models in the form of TIN or GRID. The article presents the algorithms for calculation of slope and slope aspect with the use of raster model. Depending on the number of adjacent grids considered in calculations, the algorithms for the determination of slope and slope aspect base on two, three, four, eight and nine points (P.L. Guth 1995). Among basic attributes of topographic surface describing the shape of the slope is surface curvature,

20

Charakterystyka geomorfologiczna obszaru położonego wzdłuż Doliny Środkowej Noteci

Ratajczak-Szczerba M.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

99-106

EN

The investigated area is located along the Noteć Middle Valley and is situated on the border of several physical-geographical and geomorphologic units. There are according to Krygowski (2000): the Noteć Middle Valley, the Gwda Valley, the Wałcz Lake District, the Kraina Lake District, the Chodzież Lake District. Varied geological structure and the relief of the area. The expression of dynamic activity of the last Scandinavian ice sheet are impressive ladforms like end moraine hills of the Chodzież subphase, the Wyrzysk oscillation, glacial gully, outwash levels.