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Polish adaptation of foreign geographical atlases for general use at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries

Konopska B., Pasławski J.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

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Vol. 47, No. 2

77--90

EN

Different approaches to the adaptation of foreign geographical atlases, making an effort of classification, against a background of the intensive activity of Polish publishers in the scope of adaptation of these atlases during the last decade of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty first century have been discussed in this article. Moreover the usefulness and correctness of the adapted publications as well as the fundamental problems connected with the use of Polish geographical names have been discussed from the point of view of a Polish user; also the problems related to the layout, range of content and scope of symbolism expected by a Polish user have been discussed.

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Nowy wykaz polskich nazw geograficznych świata i zasady jego opracowania na tle dotychczasowych publikacji

Zych M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

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T. 46, nr 2

140--161

PL

W artykule omówiono nowo wydany Urzędowy wykaz polskich nazw geograficznych świata. Przybliżono zakres jego treści, zawartość i układ poszczególnych części oraz samych haseł, a także sposób doboru nazw. Przybliżono również historię opracowania wykazów zawierających polskie nazwy geograficzne świata oraz zasady ustalania tych nazw.

EN

Official list of Polish geographical names of the world, prepared by the Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland, was published at the end of the year 2013. It is the second publication comprising Polish names of all the world. The previous one, titled Polskie nazwy geograficzne świata (Polish geographical names of the world) was published in 1994-1996. The list has the official status, and the Polish names it in-cludes should be used by public institutions performing their activities within the borders of Poland. Its elaboration results also from the recommendation of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. The list includes the names of geographical features from all continents as well as undersea features. It does not, however, include the objects which are entirely located within the borders of Poland. The list refers only to the features for which the Polish geographical names are recommended, i.e. names spelled differently than the original ones. The list contains the Polish names of 13,358 geographical features (principal names). Most of them are placed in the chapter with European countries -9646; the most represented countries are Ukraine (2222 features) and Belarus (2020). Since some names are repeated in lists for several countries (names of transboundary features), the total number of names is 14,975. In addition, 238 Polish variant names are also included as well as 254 long forms of names, used mostly in official relations. Compared to the previous publication, the Commission has significantly extended the number of recommended Polish names for geographical features (mostly towns and cities) that lay on areas which belonged to Poland before the second world war. Therefore, the lists of Polish names from Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine have been enlarged. The list is divided into 8 parts (chapters). Seven of them refer to the parts of the world and the last one comprises undersea features. Each chapter begins with a list of recommended Polish names of the great regional units and oceans. Next, the names are posted according to alphabetically arranged countries and non-self-governing territories. Names of geographical features within the countries and territories are divided into 59 categories which appear specifically for each particular country or territory. In the eighth chapter, which comprises undersea features, the names are placed according to their location within 5 oceans, with those located in the Baltic and in the Mediterranean Sea listed separately. Undersea features in chapter 8 are divided into 14 categories. Localities are most numerous of all the categories (5238 features), followed by administrative units (1669) and rivers (667). Each entity referring to a particular object includes its Polish name, the original names (in Romanized form if necessary) and geographical coordinates. Entities are occasionally supplemented with additional information. An index of Polish names completes the publication.

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Generalizacja nazw geograficznych na mapach atlasowych

Michna I.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2008

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T. 40, nr 1

28-45

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy generalizacji nazw regionów fizycznogeograficznych, szczytów i przełęczy na mapach w siedmiu wielkich atlasach ogólnogeograficznych.

EN

Generalization of names has not been discussed in cartographic literature. The article attempts to formulate the rules which govern generalization basing on the analysis of geographical names on the maps of Sudety mountains and Iberian peninsula in the following seven major geographical atlases: Atlas Świata published by The Topographical Service of The Polish Army (1962-1968), The World Atlas - the English version of the Soviet Atlas mira (1967), The Times Atlas of the World (1999), Geograficzny Atlas Świata (Geographical Atlas of the World) published by PPWK (Polish Cartographical Publishers) (1997), Wielki llustrowany Atlas Świata (The Great Illustrated Atlas of the World) published by GeoCenter (1993), Brockhaus Enzyklopadie Weltatlas (1993) and Gran Atlas Aguilar (1969). Objects for analysis are chosen according to numerous criteria. Land lowerings - lowlands, basins and passes are omitted much more frequently than mountains, uplands and peaks. This supports the views of W. Horn (1965) on the priority of generalization of concave forms over the generalization of convex ones. Another important criterion for selection of objects is their height. Names are given to highest mountain ridges and their top peaks. In the case of passes their relative height is important. Location of regions and their role are crucial e.g. names are given to flank parts of mountain ridges (Łużyckie Mountains), passes located on major transportation routes, mountain ridges which lie on state borders (Pyrenees). Double naming is the least solved issue. A rational solution - linking the name choice of a trans border object to the main topic area presented on a map - is rarely applied. It is noteworthy that most analyzed atlases use Tchech names of trans border ridges in Sudetes, irrespectively of the main topic area of the map. When double names are used on maps, they are sometimes placed in an inconsistent way, even on a single map (fig. 4). Analysis of maps within one atlas shows many irregularities, e.g. more names being placed on a map in a smaller scale, or various heights of the same peak. A comparison of name generalization in selected atlases reveals inconsistency also on maps in similar scales (fig. 9,10,11). As a rule the maps of the country where the atlas was prepared show more detail. The article suggests some models of generalization of names of geographical regions, peaks and passes (fig. 12, 13, 14). Consequent stages of the process provide less information, it is only in the case of regions that an additional piece of information is presented at a certain stage (name of a bigger region).

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Polskie egzonimy w atlasach szkolnych wydanych w latach 1901-1989

Zych M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2006

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T. 38, nr 1

24-45

PL

Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie problematyki stosowania polskich egzonimów w polskich atlasach szkolnych wydanych w XX wieku. Służy temu analiza sposobu stosowania polskich egzonimów w atlasach szkolnych, jak zmieniały się ich relacje z nazwami oficjalnymi i czy ustalenia krajowe i międzynarodowe dotyczące tych nazw były brane pod uwagę przez autorów opracowujących nazewnictwo. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części - wprowadzenia do tematyki nazewnictwa geograficznego oraz analizy nazewnictwa geograficznego stosowanego w wybranych atlasach szkolnych.

EN

School atlases influence not only our common knowledge of the world, but also about the world's names. The way Polish exonyms are presented in atlases is significant. Polish is an inflectional language, therefore exonyms can be declined (case forms); it is also easy to create derivative forms, especially adjectives, which facilitates everyday use of foreign names. In the living language it is necessary to inflect and polonize names, which brings about new exonyms. Exonyms functioning in Polish should also be presented on school atlas maps, for easy identification. The paper presents the analysis of school atlases published in the years 1901-1989. During that time 23 school atlases were published in 111 editions and 38 additional printings of some of them. For the analysis of Polish names 19 atlases (14 titles and 5 editions) and one area from each continent (except Antarctica) have been selected. Polish names used in selected school atlases varied significantly both in their form and location. In analyzed atlases the number of exonyms varies between 39 and 210. Comparison of Polish exonyms in school atlases in the years 1901-1989 shows no major changes in their application. Their frequency in particular atlases depended mostly on the authors' preferences and atlas volume rather than period of publication. Following the regulation of the issue after the second World War, names appearing in atlases of that time were similar. This was also due to the fact that there was only one publishing house, which applied its uniform approach to exonyms. Differences in the early 1900s and between the wars were largely caused by a large number of publishers, who had individual approaches as well as lack of any scientific or official standard. The authors usually prepared their own exonyms basing on various sources. Polish exonyms in school atlases usually defied international regulations in the field. In school atlases numerous exonyms were applied instead of officially approved names.

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Dwujęzyczne nazewnictwo geograficzne w Polsce

Zych M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2005

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T. 37, nr 4

282-297

PL

Po scharakteryzowaniu nowego polskiego prawodawstwa, autor podaje przykłady funkcjonowania dwu- i wielojęzycznego nazewnictwa w krajach, w których stosowane jest ono już od dawna. W ostatniej części artykułu przeprowadzona jest próba zastosowania dwujęzycznego nazewnictwa na mapach z obszaru Polski.

EN

On January, 2005 Polish Parliament passed the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language. It is the first legal act in the post-war history of Poland regulating completely the issues of national, ethnic and linguistic minorities. Until now the Polish legislation regarding this matter was divided among many legal regulations and some issues were not codified at all. The new act defines minorities - national and ethnic, as well as the regional language. According to the act minorities are groups of Polish citizens who differ substantially from other citizens by means of their language, culture or tradition, who are aware of their own historical and national bonds, and whose ancestors have inhabited Poland for at least the past 100 years. A national minority refers to a group that has an independent state elsewhere, and ethnic minority to a group that does not have a state at all. The act mentions 9 national minorities, 4 ethnic minorities and one regional language. In regard to geographical names, two regulations included in the act are of special importance. In communes (3rd level administrative units), in which the given national or ethnic minority constitutes at least 20% of the population, the minority's language may be introduced as an auxiliary language. Similar requirements must be met in case of introducing geographical names in the minority's language, however it can also be applied in reference to names of towns in communes in which the given minority constitutes less than 20% of the population provided the majority of the town's population decides for it. Population using a regional language has the same rights regarding the auxiliary language and geographical names as in case of national and ethnic minorities. At present in Poland, a national or ethnic minority or population using a regional language constitutes at least 20% of the population in 51 communes (out of the total number of 2478) (fig. 2). Implementation of regional languages and bilingual names in Poland will cause those names to appear on maps. Because so far such names have not been present on Polish maps, Polish cartographers have not developed any rules of applying them. In EU countries the situation is different. Bilingual names are common, so a review of methods of their usage on maps can help to establish the best rules also for Poland. Several ways of giving bilingual names can be distinguished. Considering the experience of other countries and Polish regulations in respect to bilingual names on traffic signs it seems that a mixed approach should be applied: a minority name written in the same-type, same-size font should be placed under the Polish name and centered. In the case of extended names (e.g. rivers, finger lakes), the minority name should follow the Polish name, after a slash (fig. 14).