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Polskie adaptacje zagranicznych atlasów geograficznych na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

Konopska B., Pasławski J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2015

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T. 47, nr 2

105--118

PL

Na tle dużej aktywności polskich wydawców w zakresie adaptacji obcych atlasów geograficznych w ostatniej dekadzie XX wieku i pierwszej dekadzie XXI wieku, w artykule omówiono różne podejścia do adaptacji, podejmując próbę ich pogrupowania i nazwania. Ponadto omówiono użyteczność i poprawność kartograficzną adaptowanych publikacji z punktu widzenia polskiego użytkownika oraz podstawowe problemy związane ze stosowaniem polskiego nazewnictwa geograficznego, ale również układem, zakresem treści i symboliką, której spodziewa się polski użytkownik.

EN

Adaptation of foreign cartographic works is the constant practice of publishing industry. Its greatest popularity dates back to the period of the Partitions of Poland (1795–1918), as well as to the time that followed the systemic transition of 1989, but the lowest popularity concerns the times of the Second Republic of Poland and the period of the Polish People Republic. Apogee of issuing the adapted works in Poland dates back to the turn of the twentieth and twenty- -first centuries. The objects of the study were the atlases of general use adapted to the Polish readers at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The main objective of this research was brought to the determination a degree of adjustment of foreign publications for the needs of a Polish customer in the context of cartographical principles, as well as to the attempt of classification and naming the kinds of adaptation. From this perspective, it was interesting to find out which elements of atlas and map content were severely changed to adapt to the Polish users and to what extent the structure of atlas and the content of maps were modified. It was also interesting to identify the substantive problems encountered by Polish cartographers and to show the errors, before which they failed to protect themselves. The paper versions of school atlases, pocket atlases and general geographic atlases were analyzed. The analysis of the collected materials pointed out the similarities in the activities of publishers. Certain compounds emerged between a range of changes made to an original work and a profile of publishing house, especially in the scope of its earlier cartographic experience and market position. In any case, regardless the type of atlas, Polish translation of a text layer, i.e. the geographical names, and explanations in legends, appeared. Two types of adaptation due to the scope of changes made by the Polish publishers were distinguished: basic and complex. A basic adaptation is the translation of a publication into Polish without any interference with the structure of a work or any correction of the substantive errors. A complex adaptation consists of the translation of the text layer and the introduction of a newly developed specific part regarding Poland and replacing the pages with presentation of a country, from which the original work is. Moreover several common mistakes that appeared in the adapted atlases were identified. Proper elaboration of geographical names was identified as the greatest difficulty in preparing the adaptations of atlases.

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Polish adaptation of foreign geographical atlases for general use at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries

Konopska B., Pasławski J.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

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Vol. 47, No. 2

77--90

EN

Different approaches to the adaptation of foreign geographical atlases, making an effort of classification, against a background of the intensive activity of Polish publishers in the scope of adaptation of these atlases during the last decade of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty first century have been discussed in this article. Moreover the usefulness and correctness of the adapted publications as well as the fundamental problems connected with the use of Polish geographical names have been discussed from the point of view of a Polish user; also the problems related to the layout, range of content and scope of symbolism expected by a Polish user have been discussed.

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Adaptations of foreign geographical atlases from before 1989 published for the Polish users

Konopska B.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

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Vol. 47, No. 4

213--224

EN

The adaptations of foreign cartographical works are the constant publishing practices. The subject matters of these studies are the adaptations of foreign geographical atlases, prepared for the Polish users before 1989. This article attempts to prove the thesis, that the activities of authors and publishers measured by a number and degree of adjustment of the above mentioned adaptations to the needs of the Polish customers in the scope of Polish adaptations of foreign geographical atlases are dependent on the external circumstances, mainly, on the political and socio-economic ones. The aims of these research studies are brought to determine a scope of changes adapting the foreign atlases to the Polish users in the context of the workshop of cartographer and to compare these kinds of publishing activity in the respective periods. The results of these works confirmed the thesis, which was put at the beginning, that the activities of authors and publishers in the field of adaptation depend on the external circumstances. It is clear from the analysis of the examined adaptations, that the greatest activity in this scope is characterised by two periods: the period of partitions of Poland and the next period of activity after the year 1989. Referring to the kinds of adaptations, which were proposed in the article written by B. Konopska and J. Pasławski (2015), it is necessary to mention, that the main principles of the compilations of adaptations in the earlier periods were just the same as we have today. All the atlases can be divided into the basic adaptations and complex ones. Using the reviews and overviews of the adaptations written at the time, when they were issued, we can also say, that the geographical names were and now are the biggest problems for the authors.

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Generalizacja nazw geograficznych na mapach atlasowych

Michna I.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2008

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T. 40, nr 1

28-45

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy generalizacji nazw regionów fizycznogeograficznych, szczytów i przełęczy na mapach w siedmiu wielkich atlasach ogólnogeograficznych.

EN

Generalization of names has not been discussed in cartographic literature. The article attempts to formulate the rules which govern generalization basing on the analysis of geographical names on the maps of Sudety mountains and Iberian peninsula in the following seven major geographical atlases: Atlas Świata published by The Topographical Service of The Polish Army (1962-1968), The World Atlas - the English version of the Soviet Atlas mira (1967), The Times Atlas of the World (1999), Geograficzny Atlas Świata (Geographical Atlas of the World) published by PPWK (Polish Cartographical Publishers) (1997), Wielki llustrowany Atlas Świata (The Great Illustrated Atlas of the World) published by GeoCenter (1993), Brockhaus Enzyklopadie Weltatlas (1993) and Gran Atlas Aguilar (1969). Objects for analysis are chosen according to numerous criteria. Land lowerings - lowlands, basins and passes are omitted much more frequently than mountains, uplands and peaks. This supports the views of W. Horn (1965) on the priority of generalization of concave forms over the generalization of convex ones. Another important criterion for selection of objects is their height. Names are given to highest mountain ridges and their top peaks. In the case of passes their relative height is important. Location of regions and their role are crucial e.g. names are given to flank parts of mountain ridges (Łużyckie Mountains), passes located on major transportation routes, mountain ridges which lie on state borders (Pyrenees). Double naming is the least solved issue. A rational solution - linking the name choice of a trans border object to the main topic area presented on a map - is rarely applied. It is noteworthy that most analyzed atlases use Tchech names of trans border ridges in Sudetes, irrespectively of the main topic area of the map. When double names are used on maps, they are sometimes placed in an inconsistent way, even on a single map (fig. 4). Analysis of maps within one atlas shows many irregularities, e.g. more names being placed on a map in a smaller scale, or various heights of the same peak. A comparison of name generalization in selected atlases reveals inconsistency also on maps in similar scales (fig. 9,10,11). As a rule the maps of the country where the atlas was prepared show more detail. The article suggests some models of generalization of names of geographical regions, peaks and passes (fig. 12, 13, 14). Consequent stages of the process provide less information, it is only in the case of regions that an additional piece of information is presented at a certain stage (name of a bigger region).

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Kartografia atlasowa w Rosji w latach 2002-2006

Komedchikov N. N., Khropov A.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Geodesia et Descriptio Terrarum

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2007

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Vol. 6, nr 3

19-25

PL

W ostatnich 5 latach w Rosji opublikowano ponad 100 różnych atlasów geograficznych. W artykule podano przyczyny tak wielkiego boomu wydawniczego – przytoczono fakty, tematy, zamierzenia i nowe trendy w kartografii atlasowej. Przedstawiono również kilkanaście przykładów atlasów ogólnogeograficznych, atlasów tematycznych i branżowych, podano ich ocenę jakościową i opisano uznanie zdobyte na forach krajowych i międzynarodowych.

EN

More than 100 titles of various geographical atlases were issued in Russia during the last five years. The article explains what is the reason of this extraordinary boom of atlas mapping in Russia. There are given some factors, themes, purposes and new phenomenon responsible for this development. Some kinds of complex geographical atlases, thematic (branch) atlases, public and governmental estimation of Russian atlases are described in the article.