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The arid regions of Daryalyk Takyr and Telikol: ethno-geoarchaeological study of a strategic transhumance rangeland on the right bank of the Syr Darya delta, Kazakhstan

Deom Jean-Marc, Sala Renato

Studia Quaternaria

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2022

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Vol. 39, Nr 2

95--111

EN

A previously unexplored 20,000 km2 area comprising the Daryalyk Takyr desert and the lacustrine landscapes of Telikol and Aschykol at the confluence of the Chu, Sarysu and Syr Darya rivers is presented here as object of a threefold geological, archaeological and ethnographic analysis assessing its historical importance. According to paleohydrological reconstructions, synchronous fluvial activity of the three rivers occurred during the Late Pleistocene. In the Holocene, the right branches of the Syr Darya delta were separated from the Chu-Sarysu confluence by alluvial sediments, becoming active only intermittently during undated flood events apparently strong enough to establish an ephemeral lake in the region. Geoarchaeological surveys analyzing surface finds indicate the densest occupation during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age. From medieval to modem times, historical sources attest to the seasonal use of the Telikol region as a pastoral transit between the Syr Darya banks and the steppes of Central Kazakhstan. They are confirmed by ethnographic data about Telikol during its last phase of occupation (1870-1910) illustrating that land use in this area (and, probably, in all semi-desert regions in Kazakhstan) was not governed by property rights but by tribal political compromises between residential and transitory herders, occasionally exposing it to overgrazing.

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Space-time analysis of strongholds in the southern section of the polish-ruthenian borderland with particular emphasis on carpathian centers, research using GIS tools

Konstantinovski-Puntos Cyryl, Luc Małgorzata

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2022

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T. 21

95--104

EN

The article contains the findings of geoarchaeological research conducted by means of geoinformatics, related to various aspects of territory occupied in early Middle Ages by the so-called Cherven Towns. The issues presented in the publication concern the complex aspect of the borderland between Poland and the Rurik Rus during the formation of these two monarchies. The main objectives include: presenting the diverse time of strongholds’ use over the centuries within the early medieval borderland of south-eastern Poland, demonstrating the relationships between them, as well as visualizing the research findings by means of geoinformatics tools, based on geoarchaeological data. The article presents maps and visualizations that can help understand how medieval societies functioned. These maps and visualizations have been developed by means of GIS and graphical software. Data was verified by means of field research carried out in 2021 directly on the selected fortified settlements. The result comprises a variety of maps and models. The main outcome of the research is a mapped diversification of the termination of existence of the discussed defensive structures, for example, in the Wiar river catchment, which took place from the 11th century, near Sanok, until the 13th/14th century. This indicates a change in the defense strategy of these areas within the quoted territory of influence of medieval Poland and Rus, including within the range of the Carpathian arch.

PL

Artykuł zawiera rezultaty badań geoarcheologicznych prowadzonych metodami geoinformatycznymi, dotyczących szeroko rozumianego terytorium zajmowanego przez tzw. Grody Czerwieńskie we wczesnym średniowieczu. Publikacja dotyczy złożonego aspektu pogranicza Polski i Rusi Rurykowiczów w trakcie tworzenia się tych dwóch monarchii. Głównymi celami opracowania są: ukazanie zróżnicowania czasu korzystania z ośrodków grodowych na przestrzeni wieków na obszarze wczesnośredniowiecznego pogranicza południowo-wschodniej Polski, przedstawienie relacji jakie zachodziły pomiędzy nimi oraz zwizualizowanie otrzymanych wyników badań za pomocą narzędzi geoinformatycznych, na podstawie danych geoarcheologicznych. W opracowaniu przedstawiono mapy i wizualizacje, które mogą pomóc zrozumieć, jak funkcjonowały społeczności wieków średnich. Do ich opracowania zastosowano narzędzia GIS i programy graficzne. W celu weryfikacji danych, w 2021 r. przeprowadzono badania terenowe bezpośrednio na wybranych grodziskach. W rezultacie opracowano szereg map i modeli. Głównym wynikiem przeprowadzonych badań jest wskazanie zróżnicowania czasu zakończenia istnienia omawianych obiektów obronnych – przykładowo w zlewni rzeki Wiar miało to miejsce do XI wieku, nieopodal Sanoka do XIII/XIV wieku. Świadczy to o zmianie strategii obrony danych terenów w obrębie przytoczonego terytorium wpływu średniowiecznej Polski i Rusi, w tym w zasięgu łuku Karpat.

3

Geoarchaeological evidence of late and post-Antiquity (5th-9th c. AD) climate changes recorded at the Roman site in Plemići Bay (Zadar region, Croatia)

Welc Fabian

Studia Quaternaria

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2019

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Vol. 36, Nr 1

3--17

EN

Remains of a vast Roman pottery production complex were found on the shore of the Plemići Bay (Općina Ražanac, Zadar county) in 2012, and confirmed by geophysical survey. Ground-penetrating radar measurements revealed outline of a rectangular building that finds analogies with Roman storehouses (horreum). The area occupied by remains of the Roman pottery workshop was covered by immense soil-debris flows. Three geological exposures located to the north of the remains of the Roman building were documented using lithological and malacological analysis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The profiles revealed at least three generations of slope sediments, formed in result of intensive soil or debris flows in a dry climate, most probably in 5th c. AD. In the next, wet phase sediments were transported downslope and deposited on the Roman structures after 5th c. AD. Environmental conditions at Pelmići were supply with paleoclimate evidence from the Adriatic region. At ca. 1.5 cal. BP lake levels in the eastern Adriatic area were drastically reduced, probably because of strong decrease in humidity, correlated with the so-called North Atlantic Bond event 3. The drought was followed by a humid episode, also attested at the Plemići archaeological site.

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Paleoclimatological and geoarchaeological significance of the Holocene loess – soil successions of the Tien Shan foothills of Uzbekistan

Welc F., Toychiew K., Suska-Malawska M., Marks L., Mętrak M.

Studia Quaternaria

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2016

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Vol. 33, Nr 1

57--68

EN

Scenario of climate changes in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in Central Asia is very fragmentary and inconsistent. Therefore, interaction between the development and decline of ancient cultures and the climate fluctuations are difficult to be traced. To resolve this problem, the key role can be played by multidisciplinary studies of unique Late Pleistocene and especially Holocene loess – soil succession of the Tien Shan foothills in Uzbekistan. This area yields unique successions of paleosols interbedded with loesses that are particularly useful for paleoclimate analysis. They are represented by continuous and uninterrupted sedimentary sequences with a highly varied record of magnetic susceptibility. As such, they contain a full sequence of short-term climatic oscillations of the Holocene in high resolution and therefore, in this case, they are exceptional on global scale. The correlation of Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes scenario with stages of development and collapse of the past human settlement in Central Asia seems at present one of the most promising research directions, in line with the substantial course of interdisciplinary research on the interaction between humans and the natural environment.

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Disturbances of The Holocene Lake-Bog Sediment Succession as Revealed by Pollen Record From Wietrzychowice (Southeastern Kujawy, Central Poland)

Brizová E., Roman M.

Studia Quaternaria

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2015

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Vol. 32, Nr 2

91--98

EN

Results of geological and pollen investigations of the lake-bog sediments from the section Wietrzychowice W5, located nearby the Neolithic Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) megaliths, are presented. The pollen data reveal that sedimentation at Wietrzychowice has begun at the beginning of the Holocene (Preboreal). Pollen analysis was used to determine stratigraphy with regard to sediment characteristics. The pollen spectrum was divided into 8 LPAZes (1-7Xa, 7Xb) which were also, where possible, stratigraphically classified. Radiocarbon dating of 6 730 ± 90 BP (5 730–5 480 BC, MKL-702) at depth of 1.20 m confirmed the pollen analysis age estimation. Five settlement episodes were found in organic sediments in the upper part of the W5 core. The first was presumably during the Preboreal, the second in the early Atlantic, the third in the late Atlantic (probably Neolithic FBC), the fourth in the early Middle Ages and the last one in the late Middle Ages. The pollen analysis was useful to point irregularities in sediment succession. Such a situation made palaeoenvironmental interpretation difficult, but further research is still needed to enable an accurate reconstruction.

6

An importance of neolithic-early dynastic-the end of old kingdom transition in ancient Egypt : geological evidences of climatic oscillations – future project

Pawlikowski M., Szymanowicz M.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

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2013

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nr 16

1--6

EN

Field as well as archaeological, mineralogical and geochemical investigation of Nile Delta settlement and sediments will be performed, during the future project presented in this paper. Presented project will explain the impact of climatic changes on Neolithic-Early Dynastic-the end of Old Kingdom transition in the history of ancient Egypt.

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Wpływ georóżnorodności zlewni Neru (Polska środkowa) na lokalizację osadnictwa pradziejowego

Kittel P.

Landform Analysis

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2012

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Vol. 19

49-66

PL

Praca przedstawia najważniejsze wyniki badań multidyscyplinarnych realizowanych w zlewni Neru w regionie łódzkim w środkowej Polsce. Dla osadnictwa pradziejowego jako typowa przyjmowana jest jego lokalizacja w obrębie dolin rzecznych lub bardzo blisko ich krawędzi. Osady zakładane były przede wszystkim na słabo nachylonych stokach, przeważnie w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie den dolin. Zdecydowana większość stanowisk posadowiona została na podłożu piaszczystym. Zaobserwowano zakładanie punktów osadniczych związanych z gospodarką uprawową na podłożu bardziej drobnoziarnistym, zwłaszcza mułkowo-piaszczystym i drobnopiaszczystym, a punktów produkcyjnych zwykle na podłożu gruboziarnistym. Badania dowodzą, że punkty osadnicze zakładane były na obszarach cechujących siędużą różnorodnością morfologiczną, a co za tym idzie – dużą georóżnorodnością. Było to niezwykle sprzyjające dla rozwoju wielokierunkowej gospodarki rolnej realizowanej przez społeczności pradziejowe.

EN

Paper presents the main results of multidisciplinary research undertaken in the Ner River catchment in the Łódź region in Central Poland. It is clear a location of prehistoric settlement within the river valleys or very close valley edge. Settlements were mainly established on gently inclined valley slopes in the close vicinity of valley floors. Almost all sites have been located on sandy ground. It seems to be interesting the fact of location of settlements connected with framing activity on the ground formed by fine-grained sediments - mainly by sands and silty sands. And settlements with productive activity remains have been established usually on the ground of coarser sediments. The research has shown that analysed points established in areas of different geomorphological zones, it means characterized by high geodiversity. It was a very suitable circumstance for development of multidirectional agricultural economy by prehistoric societies.

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Geoarchaeological studies on Roman time harbour sediments in cologne - comparison of different OSL dating techniques

Lauer T., Bonn R., Frechen M., Fuchs M. C., Trier M., Tsukamoto S.

Geochronometria

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2011

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Vol. 38, no. 4

341-349

EN

Due to the construction of a new North-South subway in Cologne, Roman time harbour sediments were exposed and were sampled for luminescence dating. A very good independent age control was given by the precise knowledge of the chronology of Roman activity and by radiocarbon ages of charcoal samples. Hence, different methodological approaches within luminescence dating were applied for Holocene heterogeneously bleached fluvial samples and were compared to the known ages. For one sample, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to coarse-grained quartz using a single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. After De-measurements, different statistical approaches were tested (i.e. arithmetic mean, median, minimum age model, finite mixture model, leading edge method and the Fuchs and Lang approach). It is demonstrated that the Fuchs and Lang approach along with the leading edge method yielded the best matching OSL ages with respect to the known ages. For the other sample which showed feldspar contamination within the quartz signal, the post-IR blue stimulated luminescence (double SAR protocol) was measured in three different ways to calculate the De-value: with continuous wave (CW) stimulation with an IR-bleach at 50°C and at 225°C for 100 s prior to the OSL, and pulsed OSL (POSL). It was demonstrated that the IR-stimulation at 225°C has very good potential to remove the feldspar signal contribution as well as pulsed OSL, but the former might deplete parts of the quartz OSL signal.

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Niektóre zjawiska geologiczne w stanowiskach archeologicznych na przykładzie stanowiska w Dzierżysławiu : komunikat

Pawlikowski M.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2007

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T. 33, z. 4

463-471

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań terenowych i laboratoryjnych nad zjawiskami migracji archeologicznych zabytków krzemiennych po opuszczeniu stanowiska. Zjawiska te, zachodzące w większości stanowisk i obejmujące prawdopodobnie wszystkie rodzaje zabytków, są szczególnie dobrze widoczne w stanowiskach epoki kamienia ze względu na długi okres, który minął od ich opuszczenia przez człowieka. Umiejętność rozpoznania opisanych zjawisk w badanym stanowisku może decydować o poprawności rekonstrukcji faktów, które miały miejsce w przeszłości. W publikacji pokazano zjawiska migracji i grzęźnięcia zabytków krzemiennych na podstawie badań magdaleńskiego stanowiska w Dzierżysławiu i eksperymentalnych badań laboratoryjnych. Eksperymenty dotyczące zjawiska migracji zabytków potwierdziły różne tempo ich przemieszczania się. Zjawisko jest zależne od kształtu zabytków, ich ciężaru oraz środowiska, w jakim zabytki się znajdują. Małe i płaskie obiekty pogrążają się wolno, gdy tymczasem izometryczne i duże - szybciej. To wskazuje, że artefakty odkrywane w stanowiskach archeologicznych znajdują się w różnych stadiach migracji. Można także zauważyć, że migracja zabytków może być zróżnicowana nawet w obrębie jednego stanowiska archeologicznego.

EN

This paper presents field and laboratory investigations concerning artefacts sinking in archaeological sites. These phenomena take place on most of archaeological sites. Most probably this process affect all categories of artefacts. Because of the time stone age sites are the best places to investigate sinking of artefacts. The correct interpretation of archaeological facts on the site could be based only on consciousness of the processes mentioned in this article. The particular example used here is Dzierżysław Magdalenian site and excavations on it as well as laboratory tests with "contemporaneous" flint flakes. Experiments concerning migration of artefacts confirmed various rate of their migration. Phenomenon is the result of shape of implements their weight as well as conditions at sediment. Small and flat objects migrated down slowly while isometric and heavy, faster. Was observed that during sinking tested objects did complicated motions. This suggest that artefacts discovered at archaeological sites are at various stages of migration. Moreover one can see that mentioned "activity" of objects is often various at various parts of one archaeological site.

10

Geology, geoarchaeology and geoecology of Rugen Island (NE Germany)

Schnick H., Schutze K., Niedermeyer R.-O., Fitzke T., Krienke K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2007

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nr 424, guide book

84-101

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The role of neo-tectonics in the variation of the relative mean sea level throughout the last 6000 years on the Taman Peninsula (Black Sea, Azov Sea, Russia)

Fouache E., Porotov A., Müller C., Gorlov Y.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2004

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Vol. 11

47-57

EN

Sediments, carbon-datings on seashells, allow us to reconstruct the evolution of the average sea level for some 6000 years on the Taman Peninsula. The current sea level, regionally, appears to be the highest level ever reached on the peninsula. It seems that for the Anapa area and Tchouchtchka Spit area it is possible to propose a sea level curve characterised by a slow, continuous rising during the past 6000 years. On the Taman Peninsula itself, the sedimentary record of this slow ascent has been distorted by a heavy tectonic subsidence. We have identified this neo-tectonic subsidence effect on at least two areas on the peninsula. The south of the peninsula, Burgaz Spit and Vityazevos Lagoon, is the most affected area. The Taman Gulf is an intermediate area. The tectonic subsidence is particularly noticeable from 1500 to 500 BC, which we believe to have been misinterpreted until now, and to be at the origin of the notion of "Phanagorian Regression".