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Zjawiska osuwiskowe w procesie eksploatacji kopalin spod lustra wody na przykładzie zakładu górniczego „Zastawie IV-2”

Nycz J.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie

2018

nr 7

19--24

W artykule przedstawiono genezę zdarzenia osuwiskowego w odkrywkowym zakładzie górniczym „Zastawie IV-2”, eksploatującym kruszywa spod lustra wody. Omówiono sposoby zapobiegania osuwiskom w odkrywkowych zakładach górniczych prowadzących eksploatację spod lustra wody urządzeniami pływającymi.

In open-pit mining, landslides are some of the most severe threats to the operation of mining facilities and general safety. The article presents a landslide which occurred in May 2017 in the “Zastawie IV-2” open-pit mine extracting natural aggregate from under the water surface using a dredger. The main natural factors facilitating their formation are: variability of geological structure (compacted formations on top, loose formations below the water surface), inclination of land and rock layers towards the pit, clay sand soaking in the upper part of the profile under the influence of rainwater, and the probable occurrence of tunnel valleys in the vicinity of the landslide, which create a slippery surface. The main mining factors leading to the formation of landslide include: failure to keep a safe distance of the dredger to the mining walls, and mining by scooping the dry layer, producing a so-called “slide”, without properly isolating the dry and wet layer. The article also indicates that preventing landslides during beneath-surface mining consists, in particular, in designing the parameters of scarps and slopes, in order to guarantee their stability in specific geological-engineering conditions and in mining the deposit according to the technical design for mining beneath water surface. Particular caution should be exercised when mining deposits with diverse geological structures from under the water surface, i.e. when mining deposits with clearly diverse strength parameters and when the mineral is consolidated between the dry and soaked layer. It was also noted that landslide phenomena are not easy to forecast, as they are usually formed by several factors acting in synergy