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Gazownie komunalne Poznania i Lwowa na początku XX w. Próba charakterystyki i porównania ich rozwoju

Urbaniak Miron

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2019

T. 64, nr 1

57--75

The Poznań and Lwów gasworks were established in the 1850s; the former being an urban enterprise, the latter a private company. At the beginning of the 20th century, the gasworks and the entire gas infrastructure in Lwów were seriously outdated as compared to Poznań in terms of the volume of production and technology. After the municipalization of the plant in 1898, Galicia’s capital quickly began to reduce a backlog using the effects of technical progress in Europe. As part of the modernization and expansion of both gasworks in the fi rst decade of the 20th century, modern water-gas plants with Humphreys & Glasgow systems were commissioned in Poznań (1900) and Lwów (1906). Moreover, the gas network and public lighting system were intensively developed in both cities. In 1910, 11.3 million cubic meters of gas fl owed into the municipal network in Poznań, whereas 6.1 million cubic meters did so in Lwów. The number of gas street lights amounted to 3456 and 3541, respectively. In both cities, major extensions of their gasworks were planned in the very years preceding the outbreak of World War I. In Poznań, the investment was implemented to a large extent during World War I, when a unique and innovative Koppers retort house and a dry-seal gas holder with a capacity of 50 thousand cubic meters were built. In Lwów, due to the Russian occupation of the city between 1914 and 1915, ultimately the works had to be stopped. Due to wartime hardships, the planned Glover-West vertical retort house was eventually replaced by the Dessau vertical retort furnace. The retort house was completed in 1917, but the rest of the investment was fi nalized in the fi rst years of the Second Polish Republic. Nevertheless, when the Partitions of Poland ended, both gas plants were among the largest and most modern in terms of technology in the country, in which their directors at the time, Hans Mertens in Poznań and Adam Teodorowicz in Lwów, had considerable merit.

PAHs spectrum in the soils of the industrial areas

Bojakowska I.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

2005

Vol. 17

9-16

Concentrations of seventeen unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined in soil samples collected in industrial areas where the raw organic-rich materials - hard coals, lignite, and oils were processed. The conducted studies have shown diversification of PAHs spectrum in soils in the vicinity of different pollution sources. In the PAHSs spectrum in soils around power plant area, the predominating unsubstituted polyarenes are fluoranthene and pyrene; however, in soil of the brown coal-fired power plant area, a relative increase of perylene in comparison to other hydrocarbons is observed. The PAHs spectrum of the soils taken in the vicinity of hard coal-fired power plant is characterised by a great share of benzo(b)fluoranthene, chrysene and benzo(a)pyrene. PAHs soil spectrum in the vicinity of hard coal-fired power plant, and PAHs soil spectrum in gasworks area and coking plant sites, point out to a certain similarity to PAHs spectrum of hard coal. In the copper smelter area, an increase of phenanthrene and chrysene (prevailing PAHs compounds in copper-bearing shales) is visible. A considerable share of fluorine and phenantrene in soils collected near the rectifying column in refinery is undoubtedly connected with the dominating share that hydrocarbons have in the composition of unsubstituted PAHs in crude oils. Among the studied sites, only the PAHs/TOC ratio of the soils from the vicinity of the brown coal-ired power plant was relatively low (0.20 x 10-4). In the remaining sites, PAHs/TOC ratio was higher, usually above 1 x 10-4.

Oznaczono zawartość węgla organicznego oraz siedemnastu wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych w próbkach gleb pobranych na terenach przemysłowych, gdzie w przeszłości przetwarzano surowce bogate w materię organiczną. Zaobserwowano zróżnicowanie spektrum WWA w glebach z obszarów będących w sąsiedztwie różnych źródeł zanieczyszczenia. W glebach w pobliżu elektrowni przeważającymi związkami są fluoranten i piren, przy czym w strefie elektrowni opalanej węglem brunatnym znaczący udział ma również perylen, a w sąsiedztwie elektrowni opalanych węglem kamiennym - benzo(b)fluoranten, benzo(a)piren i chryzen. Odnotowano, że spektra WWA w glebach w sąsiedztwie gazowni, koksowni i elektrowni opalanych węglem kamiennym wykazują podobieństwo do spektrum WWA w węglu kamiennym. Ponadto w spektrum WWA w glebach na terenie huty miedzi obserwowana jest podwyższona zawartość fenentrenu i chryzenu (przeważających składników WWA w łupkach miedzionośnych), zaś w glebach w sąsiedztwie kolumny rektyfikacyjnej na terenie rafinerii widoczny jest znaczący udział fluorenu i fenantrenu, co jest niewątpliwie związane z dużym udziałem tych WWA w ropie naftowej. W zbadanych glebach stosunek WWA/TOC jedynie w sąsiedztwie elektrowni opalanych węglem brunatnym jest względnie niski (0,20 x 10-4), podczas gdy w pozostałych lokalizacjach był on znacznie wyższy i przekraczał najczęściej 1 x 10-4.