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1

A review of the design and control using computational fluid dynamics of gasoline direct injection engines

Ali Mohammed Qasim, Mohamad Barhm

Diagnostyka

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2022

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Vol. 23, No. 3

art. no. 2022306

EN

This paper explores the role of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique in the design, regulation, and production of the gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine combustion system through literature reviews. It begins with a brief analysis of injector technologies and the effect of spray characteristics on the optimization of the combustion system. The key challenges of optimizing a homogeneous-charge GDI combustion system are the enhancement of volumetric performance and homogeneity of fuel-air mixing with reduced wetting of surface fuel and the improvement of power output. Most of the calculations focused on dynamic mesh strategy to manage moving geometry varied from case to case. The techniques of the methods varied. During the opening event of a GDI gasoline-injector for automotive applications, the findings of the literature indicate the primary fuel atomization.

2

Multi-Criteria Assessment of Injector Placement and theThermodynamic Effects of Fuel Injection and Combustion in an Engine Equipped with Direct Gasoline Injection System

Pielecha Ireneusz, Sidorowicz Maciej

Journal of Power Technologies

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2020

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Vol. 100, nr 3

223--231

EN

The paper concerns the analysis of the combustion and exhaust emission phenomena in an SI (spark ignition) engine equipped with direct gasoline injection system for various injector placement parameters in the combustion chamber. Achieving a good combustion process is shaped by the direct fuel injection process, of which parameters vary. This article focuses on the aspect of injector spatial and angular position in order to perform injection and achieve fuel combustion. The injector’s pseudo-optimal location has been presented along with several changed positions (27 configurations). The research was conducted asa simulation experiment using AVL FIRE software. The best injector position was selected based on the fuel atomization, injection and combustion process indicators. The pseudo-optimal location, was characterized by: 1) the largest inset in the combustion chambery = 7 mm, 2) the shortest distance from the spark plug: z = 9 mm, 3) the highest angle in relation tothe axis of the cylinder: alpha = 20 deg. The analysis of this impact results in the following conclusions: 1) the longitudinal change of the injector position is the most important value affecting changes in the fuel atomization and combustion indicators, 2) this change is about 3 times more significant than the change in the position of the injector’s distance from the axis of the spark plug and about 8 times more significant than the angle of the injector’s position.

3

The injector location impact on the fuel combustion process in a direct gasoline injection system

Sidorowicz M., Pielecha I.

Combustion Engines

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2018

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R. 57, nr 2

19--29

EN

The article contains an analysis of the fuel dose combustion phenomena and exhaust emissions in a direct injection system of an SI engine for variable injector location in the combustion chamber. The research performed is a continuation of the research presented in the article CE-2018-104. The tests were performed using the AVL Fire 2017 simulation environment. 27 injector placement combinations in three planes were analyzed: axial distance from the cylinder axis, injector depth relative to the head and angular position relative to the cylinder axis. An optimal solution was chosen, taking into account the significance of individual indicators. It was shown that the greatest impact in terms of the most advantageous combustion process indicators is the injector setting depth in the combustion chamber cavity, while the distance from the cylinder axis is of secondary importance. The smallest changes in the combustion and emission factors values are seen with the change of the injector placement angle (in the value range used in this study).

4

The impact of injector placement on the dose preparation conditions in a gasoline direct injection system

Sidorowicz M., Pielecha I.

Combustion Engines

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2018

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R. 57, nr 1

35--43

EN

Direct fuel injection requires appropriate conditions for proper ignition of the formed mixture. The proper combustion process is shaped by the direct fuel injection, whose parameters vary. Preparation of the dose requires proper injector placement in the combustion chamber. This article focuses on the issue of the injector specific spatial and angular position in order to implement the injection and atomization of the fuel. The injector's pseudo-optimal location has been presented along with several changed positions. The research was conducted as a simulation experiment using AVL FIRE 2017 software. The best position of the injector was selected based on the fuel spraying and injection process indicators. It has been shown that the spatial position has the most impact and the injector placement angle is of secondary importance.

5

Nanoparticle emissions from gasoline vehicles DI & MPI

Czerwinski J., Comte P., Güdel M., Bonsack P.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

179--187

EN

The nanoparticles (NP) count concentrations are limited in EU for all Diesel passenger cars since 2013 and for gasoline cars with direct injection (GDI) since 2014. For the particle number (PN) of MPI gasoline cars there are still no legal limitations. In the present paper some results of investigations of nanoparticles from five DI and four MPI gasoline cars are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe and in CVS-tunnel. Moreover, five variants of “vehicle – GPF” were investigated. The PN-emission level of the investigated GDI cars in WLTC without GPF is in the same range of magnitude very near to the actual limit value of 6.0 × 1012 1/km. With the GPF’s with better filtration quality, it is possible to lower the emissions below the future limit value of 6.0 × 1011 1/km. The modern MPI vehicles also emit a considerable amount of PN, which in some cases can attain the level of Diesel exhaust gas without DPF and can pass over the actual limit value for GDI (6.0 × 1012 1/km). The GPF-technology offers in this respect further potentials to reduce the PN-emissions of traffic.

6

An analysis of efficiency and exhaust emission of the gasoline spray-guided engine

Hunicz J., Niewczas A., Kordos P., Gęca M.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2011

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R. 50, nr 3

EN

A combustion system of spark ignition engine, which utilizes spray-guided mixture formation enables combustion of extremely lean mixtures. High rate of mixture stratification results in reduction of fuel consumption and exhaust emission in comparison to homogeneous charge combustion. This study presents results of research of the gasoline spray-guided spark ignition engine. Experiments were performed on the BMW N43B20 engine equipped with a high-pressure gasoline injection system with piezoelectric injectors. Research was done with the use of two methods of mixture formation; preparation of homogeneous charge and stratified charge. The engine was operated at whole range of rotational speed and load. Operation in the stratified charge mode showed 20% increase of thermal efficiency versus the homogeneous charge in the range of low and middle engine load and rotational speed. Additionally, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions were analyzed at variable air excess ratio.

PL

Systemy spalania w silnikach o zapłonie iskrowym, które wykorzystują tworzenie mieszanki w cylindrze za pomocą strugi (ang. spray-guided) umożliwiają spalanie bardzo ubogich mieszanek. Znaczny stopień uwarstwienia ładunku pozwala na obniżenie zużycia paliwa oraz emisji toksycznych składników spalin w porównaniu do silników spalających mieszankę homogeniczną. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań silnika benzynowego o zapłonie iskrowym z tworzeniem mieszanki za pomocą strugi wtryskiwanego paliwa. Eksperymenty zrealizowano na silniku BMW N43B20 wyposażonym w układ wysokociśnieniowego wtrysku benzyny wykorzystujący wtryskiwacze piezoelektryczne. Badania przeprowadzono przy dwóch sposobach tworzenia mieszanki; przygotowaniu mieszanki homogenicznej, oraz przy tworzeniu mieszanki uwarstwionej. Badania prowadzone były w pełnym zakresie prędkości obrotowej i obciążenia silnika. Praca silnika w trybie spalania ładunku uwarstwionego pozwoliła na wzrost sprawności cieplnej o 20% w porównaniu do spalania mieszanki homogenicznej w zakresie małych i średnich prędkości obrotowych i obciążeń. Ponadto przeprowadzono badania zużycia paliwa oraz emisji toksycznych składników spalin przy zmiennym współczynniku nadmiaru powietrza.

7

Control of gasoline direct injection (GDI) in the Mitsubishi Carisma 1.8 engine

Nawrowski R., Putz Ł.

Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering

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2010

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No. 64

163--173

EN

The paper presents a detailed analysis of the system of gasoline direct injection used by Mitsubishi Company in the model Carisma 1.8 GDI. The tests carried out with the engine included measurement of the engine power, its torque, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emission. The standard requirements related to the testing method and the emission limits binding in the European Union are specified. The test results are completed and compared to the Manufacturer’s catalogue data. Summary of the paper includes conclusions and remarks from the tests.

8

The influence of spray guided charge forming on the work parameters of SI gasoline direct injection engine

Sendyka B., Kudzia S., Rodak Ł., Noga M.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2009

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R. 48, SC2

371--378

EN

In this paper there are presented the results of study of SI gasoline direct injection engines working in wall and spray guided systems. Explorations have been run when throttle valve was opened in 75 % and in 50 %. Characteristics of both engines obtained by means of the study have been put together in order to compare work parameters such as: effective pressure, elementary engine power, specific fuel consumption and total efficiency. That allow qualification an influence of spray guided charge forming on the work parameters of SI gasoline direct injection. In another part of the paper there has been executed the analysis of emission of harmful components of exhaust gas. There has been defined an influence of spray guided charge forming on emission of such ingredients as: oxide carbon, dioxide carbon and hydrocarbons.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań silników ZI z bezpośrednim wtryskiem benzyny pracujących w systemach powierzchniowego i strumieniowego prowadzenia ładunku. Badania przeprowadzone zostały przy 75% oraz 50% otwarciu przepustnicy. Uzyskane w wyniku badań charakterystyki obu silników zostały zestawione w celu porównania parametrów roboczych takich jak: Ciśnienie efektywne, moc jednostkowa, jednostkowe zużycie paliwa oraz sprawność ogólna. Pozwoliło to na określenie wpływu strumieniowego tworzenia ładunku na parametry robocze silnika ZI o bezpośrednim wtrysku benzyny. W dalszej części pracy poddano analizie emisję szkodliwych składników spalin. Określono wpływ strumieniowego tworzenia ładunku na emisję takich składników jak: tlenek węgla, dwutlenek węgla, oraz węglowodory.

9

Modelling of dynamic fuel flow rate of high-pressure injector for DISI engine

Sendyka B., Noga M.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2009

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R. 48, SC2

290--293

EN

The paper contains a comparison of dynamic flow rate calculations and laboratory investigations outcome of high-pressure, electromagnetic controlled fuel injector used in direct injection spark ignition engine. The proposed model has both an analytical and empirical character. Some of the values of input parameters were calculated mathematically, while others as flow factor and injector opening delay were measured on the test bed. Injector investigations were conducted on the test stand, in which required injection pressure was obtained pumplessly, by use of compressed nitrogen. The results of calculations were confronted with the measurement outcome and high results convergence was obtained. It confirms correctness of mathematical model and encourages its application to similar fuel injectors without obligation of laboratory measurement. Knowledge of injector dynamic flow rate is fundamental for its choice to particular engine.

PL

Artykuł zawiera konfrontację wyników badań doświadczalnych z analizą modelową charakterystyki dawkowania wysokociśnieniowego, elektromagnetycznie sterowanego wtryskiwacza paliwa przeznaczonego do turbodoładowanych silników o zapłonie iskrowym z bezpośrednim wtryskiem benzyny. Opracowany model miał charakter analityczno – empiryczny. Niektóre z wartości wielkości wejściowych potrzebnych do opracowania modelu zostały wyznaczone na drodze obliczeń matematycznych, inne ustalono w sposób doświadczalny. Badania eksperymentalne wtryskiwacza prowadzono na specjalnie do tego celu skonstruowanym stanowisku doświadczalnym z bezpompowym, pneumatycznym wymuszeniem wymaganego ciśnienia wtrysku. Porównanie wyników eksperymentów z obliczeniami wskazuje na ich dużą zgodność Oznacza, że model obliczeniowy może być stosowany przy wyznaczaniu charakterystyk dawkowania podobnych wtryskiwaczy paliwa. Znajomość charakterystyki dawkowania jest podstawowym warunkiem prawidłowego doboru wtryskiwacza do konkretnego silnika spalinowego.

10

Influence of turbocharge on work parameters of SI gasoline direct injection engine with spray guided system of load forming

Sendyka B., Kudzia S.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2009

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R. 48, SC2

360--364

EN

In this paper there is presented constructional solution of charged SI engine with spray guided gasoline direct injection. There are submitted results of this engine study obtained with partial (75 % and in 50 %) opening of a throttle valve. In further part of the paper the extracted results are compared with testing effects of this engine in version without of charge that was gained earlier. There are compared characteristics of such parameters as: power, torque, specific fuel consumption. That let the authors define the influence of turbocharged SI engine with spray guided gasoline direct injection on its work parameters. Then the analysis of total efficiency of the engine with spray guided load forming in uncharged version and the engine with wall guided gasoline direct injection has been come off.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono rozwiązanie konstrukcyjne doładowanego silnika ZI z bezpośrednim wtryskiem benzyny o strumieniowym tworzeniu ładunku. Zaprezentowane zostały wyniki badań tego silnika uzyskane przy częściowych (50% i 75%) otwarciach przepustnicy. W dalszej części pracy porównano uzyskane wyniki z uzyskanymi wcześniej wynikami badań tego silnika w wersji bez doładowania. Porównano przebiegi takich parametrów jak moc, moment obrotowy, jednostkowe zużycie paliwa. Pozwoliło to na określenie wpływu turbodoładowania silnika ZI o strumieniowym tworzeniu ładunku na jego parametry robocze. Następnie dokonano również analizy charakterystyk sprawności ogólnej zarówno silnika o strumieniowym tworzeniu ładunku w wersji wolnossącej i doładowanej jak również silnika o powierzchniowym tworzeniu ładunku.

11

Determination of optimal fuel mass relation dosed by a dual-injector fuel system in a spark ignition engine

Sendyka B., Noga M.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2009

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R. 48, SC2

285--289

EN

The paper concerns application of the dual-injector fuel system in a four cylinder in-line spark ignition engine. Each of the cylinders is equipped with one port fuel injector and another high-pressure inchamber direct fuel injector. During investigations function of the Brake Mean Effective Pressure and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption in dependence on mass fraction of directly-injected fuel was determined for different revolutions and loads. The test was carried out at constant value of relative air-to-fuel ratio. Results of performed tests show, that the maximum of the Brake Mean Effective Pressure and minimum of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption occurs at different fraction of directly-injected fuel in dependence on load and revolution of the engine. A comparison of performance of the engine fueled at the optimal fraction of directly-injected fuel and results gained at only one point of fuel supply shows a real improvement in performance of the engine at dualinjector operation.

PL

Praca dotyczy zastosowania dwuwtryskiwaczowego systemu zasilania w czterocylindrowym silniku z zapłonem iskrowym. Na każdy z cylindrów badanego silnika przypada jeden wtryskiwacz dawkujący paliwo do przewodu dolotowego oraz drugi wtryskujący je do komory spalania. Przeprowadzono badania w celu określenia zależności średniego ciśnienia efektywnego i jednostkowego zużycia paliwa od udziału paliwa dawkowanego bezpośrednio do cylindra z zachowaniem stałego globalnego współczynnika nadmiaru powietrza. Wyniki przeprowadzonych prac badawczych wskazują, że maksimum średniego ciśnienia efektywnego i minimum jednostkowego zużycia paliwa występuje przy różnych udziałach paliwa wtryśniętego bezpośrednio do cylindra w zależności od obranego punktu pracy silnika. Porównanie osiągów silnika zasilanego przy optymalnym udziale benzyny wtryskiwanej w sposób bezpośredni z wynikami uzyskanymi tylko dla jednego miejsca podawania paliwa wskazuje na istotny wzrost w przypadku zasilania dwuwtryskiwaczowego.

12

The influence of spray guided charge on possibility of stratified mixture formation in SI gasoline direct injection engine

Sendyka B., Kudzia S.

Journal of KONES

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2007

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Vol. 14, No. 4

393-402

EN

In this paper there has been described the structure of ZI gasoline direct injection engines in which there has been applied spray guided. There has been shown the burning chambers structure of the engines of that type. There has been also presented the modification range of ZI engines equipped with system of gasoline multipoint indirect injection in order to get the gasoline direct injection engine with spray guided. The authors have described the block diagram of fuel supply system of this type of an engine which is being developed in Cracow University of Technology's Combustion Engine Department. Certain information about mechanical modification of engine is given. They have proposed model of fuel air mixture stratification in a combustion chamber of spray guided engine, in which base homogeneous mixture come into being out of the this chamber. In this paper there has been also designated an influence of an angle of crank shaft on initial velocity of fuel stream and on flow intensity of fuel stream that flows through the injector. There also has been presented an influence of air fuel coefficient of homogeneous base mixture on the angle on a crank shaft of ignition charge.