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1

Over 24 000 δ Scuti Stars in the Galactic Bulge and Disk from the OGLE Survey

Soszyński I., Pietrukowicz P., Skowron J., Udalski A., Szymański M. K., Skowron D. M., Poleski R., Kozłowski S., Mróz P., Ulaczyk K., Rybicki K., Iwanek P., Wrona M., Gromadzki M.

Acta Astronomica

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2021

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Vol. 71, No. 3

189--204

EN

We present the largest collection of δ Scuti-type stars in the Milky Way. Together with the recently published OGLE collection of δ Sct variables in the inner Galactic bulge, our sample consists of 24 488 objects distributed along the Milky Way plane, over galactic longitudes ranging from about -170° to +60°. The collection data include the I- and V-band time-series photometry collected since 1997 during the OGLE-II, OGLE-III, and OGLE-IV surveys. We show the on-sky distribution of δ Sct stars in the Galactic bulge and disk, discuss their period, luminosity and amplitude distributions, present Petersen diagram for multimode pulsators, distinguish 34 δ Sct stars in eclipsing and ellipsoidal binary systems, and list probable members of globular clusters.

2

On Nearly Circular Orbits in Stellar Dynamics

Ninković A.

Acta Astronomica

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2021

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Vol. 71, No. 1

73--88

EN

We analyze the motion of a test particle in a stationary and axially symmetric potential along a nearly circular orbit. The dependence of the distance on time is studied. The solution is obtained by applying energy conservation, which requires to find approximate relations valid for nearly circular motion between the pair energy and angular momentum and the one consisting of the mean distance and eccentricity. The results obtained in this way are then subjected to a more general approximation which includes a power law dependence of the circular speed on distance, but without assuming a priori a low eccentricity. The sinusoidal dependence of distance on time, though confirmed as the first approximation, is not sufficient. Therefore, in the present paper an amendment is proposed. The difference of the squares of angular momenta which concern a purely circular orbit and the corresponding (same mean distance) nearly circular orbit is approximately proportional to the eccentricity square. The difference of the speed square at the mean distance divided by the circular speed from unity is, in the case of increasing circular speed, in the vicinity of the mean distance, approximately proportional to the eccentricity square. Otherwise it is negligible. The influence of the local circular speed slope on the period with respect to distance is much more significant than that of eccentricity. This conclusion is rather confirmed also after studying realistic galactocentric orbits, even of not too low eccentricity. The basic drawback of the sinusoidal dependence of distance is that it predicts equal time intervals between the moments of pericentric distance and mean distance and between those of the mean and apocentric distances, which is incorrect even for very low eccentricities.

3

Classical Cepheids in the Milky Way

Pietrukowicz P., Soszyński I., Udalski A.

Acta Astronomica

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2021

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Vol. 71, No. 3

205--222

EN

We share the most up-to-date, carefully verified list of classical Cepheids residing in the Galaxy. Based on long-term OGLE experience in the field of variable stars, we have inspected candidates for Cepheids from surveys such as ASAS, ASAS-SN, ATLAS, Gaia, NSVS, VVV, WISE, ZTF, among others, and also known sources from the General Catalogue of Variable Stars. Only objects confirmed in the optical range as classical Cepheids are included in the list. We provide Gaia EDR3 identifications of the stars. Purity of the sample exceeds 97 per cent, while its completeness is of about 88 per cent down to a magnitude G = 18. The list contains 3352 classical Cepheids, of which 2140 stars are fundamental-mode pulsators. Basic statistics and comparison between the classical Cepheids from the Milky Way, Andromeda Galaxy (M31), and Magellanic Clouds are provided. The list is available at the OGLE Internet Data Archive.

4

Properties of the Milky Way's Old Populations Based on Photometric Metallicities of the OGLE RR Lyrae Stars

Pietrukowicz P., Udalski A., Soszyński I., Skowron D. M., Wrona M., Szymański M. K., Poleski R., Ulaczyk K., Kozłowski S., Skowron J., Mróz P., Rybicki K., Iwanek P., Gromadzki M.

Acta Astronomica

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2020

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Vol. 70, No. 2

121--139

EN

We have used photometric data on almost 91 000 fundamental-mode RR Lyr stars (type RRab) detected by the OGLE survey to investigate properties of old populations in the Milky Way. Based on their metallicity distributions, we demonstrate that the Galaxy is built from three distinct old components: halo, bulge, and disk. The distributions reach their maxima at approximately [Fe/H]J95=-1.2 dex, -1.0 dex, and -0.6 dex on the Jurcsik's metallicity scale, respectively. We find that, very likely, the entire halo is formed from infalling dwarf galaxies. It is evident that halo stars penetrate the inner regions of the Galactic bulge. We estimate that about one-third of all RR Lyr stars within the bulge area belong in fact to the halo population. The whole old bulge is dominated by two populations, A and B, represented by a double sequence in the period--amplitude (Bailey) diagram. The boundary in iron abundance between the halo and the disk population is at about [Fe/H]J95=-0.8 dex. Using Gaia DR2 for RRab stars in the disk area, we show that the observed dispersion of proper motions along the Galactic latitude decreases smoothly with the increasing metal content excluding a bump around [Fe/H]J95=-1.0 dex.

5

Additional Galactic Cepheids from the OGLE Survey

Soszyński I., Udalski A., Szymański M. K., Pietrukowicz P., Skowron J., Skowron D. M., Poleski R., Kozłowski S., Mróz P., Ulaczyk K., Rybicki K., Iwanek P., Wrona M., Gromadzki M.

Acta Astronomica

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2020

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Vol. 70, No. 2

101--119

EN

We report on the results of a comprehensive search for Cepheid variable stars in the fields photometrically monitored by the OGLE Galaxy Variability Survey. We identify 742 Cepheids not included in the first release of the OGLE Collection of Galactic Cepheids and reclassify several dozen previously published variables. The upgraded collection comprises 1974 classical, 1625 type II, and 119 anomalous Cepheids located in the area of about 3000 square degrees covering the disk and bulge of the Milky Way. We present the most interesting objects in our sample: an isolated group of long-period double-mode classical Cepheids pulsating in the fundamental mode and first overtone, the first known Galactic double-mode Cepheid with the second and third overtone excited, double-mode type II Cepheids, candidates for single-mode first-overtone BL Her stars, and Cepheids showing simultaneous eclipsing variability. We also discuss type II and anomalous Cepheids that are potential members of globular clusters.

6

Over 78 000 RR Lyrae Stars in the Galactic Bulge and Disk from the OGLE Survey

Soszyński I., Udalski A., Wrona M., Szymański M. K., Pietrukowicz P., Skowron J., Skowron D., Poleski R., Kozłowski S., Mróz P., Ulaczyk K., Rybicki K., Iwanek P., Gromadzki M.

Acta Astronomica

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2019

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Vol. 69, No. 4

321--337

EN

We present an upgrade of the OGLE Collection of RR Lyrae stars in the Galactic bulge and disk. The size of our sample has been doubled and reached 78 350 RR Lyr variables, of which 56 508 are fundamental-mode pulsators (RRab stars), 21 321 pulsate solely in the first-overtone (RRc stars), 458 are classical double-mode pulsators (RRd stars), and 63 are anomalous RRd variables (including six triple-mode pulsators). For all the newly identified RR Lyr stars, we publish time-series photometry obtained during the OGLE Galaxy Variability Survey. We present the spatial distribution of RR Lyr stars on the sky, provide a list of globular clusters hosting RR Lyr variables, and discuss the Petersen diagram for multimode pulsators. We find new RRd stars belonging to a compact group in the Petersen diagram (with period ratios P 1O/PF≈0.74 and fundamental-mode periods P F≈0.44$ d) and we show that their spatial distribution is roughly spherically symmetrical around the Milky Way center.

7

Central Wavelengths and Profile Shapes of Diffuse Interstellar Bands versus Physical Parameters of Intervening Clouds

Krełowski J., Marić T., Karipis A., Strobel A., Galazutdinov G. A.

Acta Astronomica

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2019

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Vol. 69, No. 4

369--380

EN

We investigate whether there are variations of the central wavelengths or the profile shapes of diffuse interstellar bands and whether these variations are caused by different physical parameters of translucent clouds. For this purpose we used spectra of two stars seen through two different single clouds: HD 34078 (AE Aur) and HD 73882. The wavelength displacements of the diffuse interstellar bands at 6196 Å, 6203 Å, 6376 Å, 6379 Å and 6614 Å with respect to the well known interstellar atomic and molecular lines (KI and CH) were measured. The shift is seemingly absent in the diffuse interstellar bands at 4726 Å, 4964 Å, 4763 Å, and 4780 Å. In addition the considered profiles may show (in HD 34078) extended red wings. The observed phenomena are likely related to physical parameters of intervening clouds (rotational temperatures of molecular species) and may help in the identification of the diffuse interstellar band carriers.

8

The Cluster AgeS Experiment (CASE). Detecting Aperiodic Photometric Variability with the Friends of Friends Algorithm

Rozyczka M., Narloch W., Pietrukowicz P., Thompson I. B., Pych W., Poleski R.

Acta Astronomica

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2018

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Vol. 68, No. 1

63--78

EN

We adapt the friends of friends algorithm to the analysis of light curves, and show that it can be succesfully applied to searches for transient phenomena in large photometric databases. As a test case we search OGLE-III light curves for known dwarf novae. A single combination of control parameters allows us to narrow the search to 1% of the data while reaching a ≈90% detection efficiency. A search involving ≈2% of the data and three combinations of control parameters can be significantly more effective - in our case a 100% efficiency is reached. The method can also quite efficiently detect semi-regular variability. In particular, 28 new semi-regular variables have been found in the field of the globular cluster M22, which was examined earlier with the help of periodicity-searching algorithms.

9

Ratio of the Mean Random Velocity Squares Revisited

Ninković S.

Acta Astronomica

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2018

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Vol. 68, No. 3

301--313

EN

The paper aims at obtaining a new formula for the ratio of the mean squares of random velocity in the Galactic plane valid for nearly circular orbits. The formula is obtained by considering a more general case and then reducing it to that concerning low eccentricities. The formula usually referred to as "epicyclic one" is its special case. In addition to the ratio of the Oort constants moduli the ratio of the mean velocity squares depends on the distribution of stars in orbital phases which is presented by means of two parameters, including the asymmetry as well. Inclusion of asymmetry contributes to the increase of moduli of both parameters.

10

OGLE Collection of Galactic Cepheids

Udalski A., Soszyński I., Pietrukowicz P., Szymański M. K., Skowron D. M., Skowron J., Mróz P., Poleski R., Kozłowski S., Ulaczyk K., Rybicki K., Iwanek P., Wrona M.

Acta Astronomica

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2018

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Vol. 68, No. 4

315--339

EN

We present here a new major part of the OGLE Collection of Variable Stars - OGLE Collection of Galactic Cepheids. The new dataset was extracted from the Galaxy Variability Survey images - a dedicated large-scale survey of the Galactic disk and outer bulge conducted by the OGLE project since 2013. The OGLE collection contains 2721 Cepheids of all types - classical, type II and anomalous. It more than doubles the number of known Galactic classical Cepheids. Due to the long-term monitoring and large number of epochs the selected sample is very pure, generally free from contaminating stars of other types often mimicking Cepheids. Its completeness is high at 90% level for classical Cepheids – tested using recent samples of Galactic Cepheids: ASAS-SN, ATLAS, Gaia DR2 and Wise catalog of variable stars. Our comparisons indicate that the completeness of the two latter datasets, Gaia DR2 and Wise catalog, is very low, at < I < 19.5 mag). Both these samples are severely contaminated by non-Cepheids (the purity is 67% and 56%, respectively). We also present several interesting objects found in the new OGLE Collection - multi-mode pulsators, first Galactic candidates for eclipsing systems containing Cepheid, a binary Cepheid candidate. New OGLE Collection of Galactic Cepheids is available for the astronomical community from the OGLE Internet Archive in similar form as previous parts of the OGLE Collection of Variable Stars.

11

Searching for Potential Mergers among 22 500 Eclipsing Binary Stars in the OGLE-III Galactic Bulge Fields

Pietrukowicz P., Soszyński I., Udalski A., Szymański M. K., Wyrzykowski Ł., Poleski R., Kozłowski S., Skowron J., Mróz P., Pawlak M., Ulaczyk K.

Acta Astronomica

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2017

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Vol. 67, No. 2

115--130

EN

Inspired by the discovery of the red nova V1309 Sco (Nova Scorpii 2008) and the fact that its progenitor was a binary system with a rapidly decreasing orbital period, we have searched for period changes in OGLE binary stars. We have selected a sample of 22 462 short-period (Porb˂4 d) eclipsing binary stars observed toward the Galactic bulge by the OGLE-III survey in years 2001-2009. This dataset was extended with photometry from OGLE-II (1997-2000) and the first six years of OGLE-IV (2010--2015). For some stars, the data were supplemented with OGLE-I photometry (1992-1995). After close inspection of the whole sample we have found 56 systems with realistic period decrease and 52 systems with realistic period increase. We have also recognized 35 systems with cyclic period variations. The highest negative period change rate of -1.943×10-4 d/y has been detected in detached eclipsing binary OGLE-BLG-ECL-139622 with Porb=2.817 d, while all other found systems are contact binaries with orbital periods mostly shorter than 1.0 d. For 22 our systems with decreasing orbital period the absolute rate is higher than the value reported recently for eclipsing binary KIC 9832227. Interestingly, there is an excess of systems with high negative period change rate over systems with positive rate. We cannot exclude the possibility that some of the contact binaries with relatively long orbital period and high negative period change rate will merge in the future. However, our results rather point to the presence of tertiary companions in the observed systems and/or spot activity on the surface of the binary components.

12

On the Distance Measurements toward Young Milky Way Objects. I. Study of IC 2944

Krełowski J., Strobel A., Godunova V., Bondar A.

Acta Astronomica

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2017

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Vol. 67, No. 4

379--396

EN

We compare distances to a very young stellar aggregate, IC 2944, using three methods: direct parallaxes of Gaia, spectrophotometric parallax and our method based on intensities of interstellar CaII lines. The discrepancies between spectrophotometric distances and those, based on CaII K and H lines, were already reported. The interstellar CaII H and K lines allow one to determine both distances and radial velocities of the intervening clouds. Thus, these data allow us to check the aggregate membership. It is also possible to check the spectral classification of considered targets which is necessary for spectrophotometric parallaxes. Using three methods, we determined distances to IC 2944 stars. We demonstrate that CaII based distances agree very well with the kinematic ones but are generally much smaller than the spectrophotometric ones. We conclude that the majority of IC 2944 objects is obscured by clouds producing neutral ("gray") extinction which diminishes their brightness exactly like extended distances. This influences spectrophotometric parallaxes while those, based on the CaII lines, do not depend on extinction and this method seems to be the most reliable one inside the thin disk of our Galaxy. The Gaia trigonometric parallaxes lead to distances similar to those obtained using the CaII method if their errors are reasonably small.

13

OGLE-IV: Fourth Phase of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment

Udalski A., Szymański M. K., Szymański G.

Acta Astronomica

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2015

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Vol. 65, No. 1

1--38

EN

We present both the technical overview and main science drivers of the fourth phase of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (hereafter OGLE-IV). OGLE-IV is currently one of the largest sky variability surveys worldwide, targeting the densest stellar regions of the sky. The survey covers over 3000 square degrees in the sky and monitors regularly over a billion sources. The main targets include the inner Galactic Bulge and the Magellanic System. Their photometry spans the range of 12

14

Large Variety of New Pulsating Stars in the OGLE-III Galactic Disk Fields

Pietrukowicz P., Dziembowski W. A., Mróz P., Soszyński I., Udalski A., Poleski R., Szymański M. K., Kubiak M., Pietrzyński G., Wyrzykowski Ł., Ulaczyk K., Kozłowski S., Skowron J.

Acta Astronomica

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2013

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Vol. 63, No. 4

379--404

EN

We present the results of a search for pulsating stars in the 7.12 deg2 OGLE-III Galactic disk area in the direction tangent to the Centaurus Arm. We report the identification of 20 Classical Cepheids, 45 RR Lyr type stars, 31 Long-Period Variables, such as Miras and Semi-Regular Variables, one pulsating white dwarf, and 58 very likely δ Sct type stars. Based on asteroseismic models constructed for one quadruple-mode and six triple-mode δ Sct type pulsators, we estimated masses, metallicities, ages, and distance moduli to these objects. The modeled stars have masses in the range 0.9-2.5 MSun and are located at distances between 2.5 kpc and 6.2 kpc. Two triple-mode and one double-mode pulsators seem to be Population II stars of the SX Phe type, probably from the Galactic halo. Our sample also includes candidates for Type II Cepheids and unclassified short-period (P<0.23 d) multi-mode stars which could be either δ Sct or β Cep type stars. One of the detected variables is a very likely δ Sct star with an exceptionally high peak-to-peak I-band amplitude of 0.35 mag at the very short period of 0.0196 d. All reported pulsating variable stars but one object are new discoveries. They are included in the OGLE-III Catalog of Variable Stars. Finally, we introduce the on-going OGLE-IV Galactic Disk Survey, which covers more than half of the Galactic plane. For the purposes of future works on the spiral structure and star formation history of the Milky Way, we have already compiled a list of known Galactic Classical Cepheids.

15

Eclipsing Binary Stars in the OGLE-III Galactic Disk Fields

Pietrukowicz P., Mróz P., Soszyński I., Udalski A., Poleski R., Szymański M. K., Kubiak M., Pietrzyński G., Wyrzykowski Ł., Ulaczyk K., Kozłowski S., Skowron J.

Acta Astronomica

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2013

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Vol. 63, No. 2

115--133

EN

We present the analysis of 11589 eclipsing binary stars identified in twenty-one OGLE-III Galactic disk fields toward constellations of Carina, Centaurus, and Musca. All eclipsing binaries but 402 objects are new discoveries. The binaries have out-of-eclipse brightness between I=12.5 mag and I=21 mag. The completeness of the catalog is estimated at a level of about 75%. Comparison of the orbital period distribution for the OGLE-III disk binaries with systems detected in other recent large-scale Galactic surveys shows the maximum around 0.40 d and an almost flat distribution between 0.5 d and 2.5 d, independent of population. Ten doubly eclipsing systems and one eclipsing-ellipsoidal object were found among thousands of variables. Nine of them are candidates for quadruple systems. We also identify ten eclipsing subdwarf-B type binary stars and numerous eclipsing RS CVn type variables. All objects reported in this paper are part of the OGLE-III Catalog of Variable Stars.

16

Dwarf Novae in the OGLE Data. II. Forty New Dwarf Novae in the OGLE-III Galactic Disk Fields

Mróz P., Pietrukowicz P., Poleski R., Udalski A., Soszyński I., Szymański M. K., Kubiak M., Pietrzyński G., Wyrzykowski Ł., Ulaczyk K., Kozłowski S., Skowron J.

Acta Astronomica

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2013

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Vol. 63, No. 2

135--158

EN

We report the discovery of forty erupting cataclysmic variable stars in the OGLE-III Galactic disk fields: seventeen objects of U Gem type, four of Z Cam type, and nineteen stars showing outbursts and superoutbursts typical for SU UMa type dwarf novae. In the case of five stars we were able to estimate their supercycle lengths. The obtained lengths are in the range of 20-90 d, generally between the typical SU UMa type variables and a few objects classified as the ER UMa type variables. Since there is no significant difference between the two types but a higher mass-transfer rate resulting in more frequent outbursts and superoutbursts in the ER UMa type stars, we propose to discard this type as a separate class of variables. We note that in one of the SU UMa type stars, OGLE-GD-DN-039, we found a negative supercycle period change, in contrast to other active systems of this type. Two of the new OGLE objects showed long-duration WZ Sge-like superoutbursts followed by a sequence of echo outbursts. All stars reported in this paper are part of the OGLE-III Catalog of Variable Stars.