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Endoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, and biopsy for automated celiac disease detection: A review

Jahmunah V., En Wei Koh Joel, Sudarshan Vidya K., Raghavendra U., Gudigar Anjan, Lih Oh Shu, Wen Loh Hui, Faust Oliver, Datta Barua Prabal, Ciaccio Edward J., Rajendra Acharya U.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

2023

Vol. 43, no. 1

82--108

Celiac Disease (CD) is a common ailment that affects approximately 1% of the world population. Automated CD detection can help experts during the diagnosis of this condition at an early stage and bring significant benefits to both patients and healthcare providers. For this purpose, scientists have created automatic and semi-automatic CD diagnostic support systems. In this study, we performed information extraction methods that were found useful for efforts to differentiate CD versus non-CD. To focus the review process, only methods for endoscopy, video capsule endoscopy (VCE) and biopsy image analyses were considered. As described herein, we have learned that statistical and non-linear methods are most important for information extraction. These information extraction tools might benefit clinical workflows by reducing intra- and inter-observer variability. However, bias, introduced by resolving design choices during the creation of diagnostic support systems, may limit the general validity of the performance results, impacting the transferability of study outcomes. Therefore, having am overview of information extraction tools. Together with their general and specific limitations, might be assistive in improving the information extraction process. We hope our review results will provide a foundation for the design of next-generation statistical and nonlinear methods that can be used in CD detection systems. We have also compared various review articles and discussed recommendations to improve CD diagnosis. From this review, it is evident that CD diagnosis is slowly moving away from conventional techniques towards advanced deep learning techniques.

Metody oceny stanu technicznego budynków w aspekcie ich praktycznego zastosowania

Drozd W.

Przegląd Budowlany

2017

R. 88, nr 4

43--47

Artykuł porusza problematykę związaną ze zużyciem technicznym budynków. Przedstawiono w nim sposoby oceniania stanu technicznego oraz podjęto próbę wykorzystania i porównania tych metod, przy ustaleniu i przeanalizowaniu stanu technicznego przykładowego budynku mieszkalnego, jednorodzinnego.

The article addresses the issues connected with technical wear and tear of buildings. It presents the methods of evaluating their technical condition as well as makes an attempt to use and compare these methods, together with specification and analysis of technical condition of an exemplary single-family residential building.

Propagation of uncertainty by Monte Carlo simulations in case of basic geodetic computations

Wyszkowska P.

Geodesy and Cartography

2017

Vol. 66, no. 2

333--346

The determination of the accuracy of functions of measured or adjusted values may be a problem in geodetic computations. The general law of covariance propagation or in case of the uncorrelated observations the propagation of variance (or the Gaussian formula) are commonly used for that purpose. That approach is theoretically justified for the linear functions. In case of the non-linear functions, the first-order Taylor series expansion is usually used but that solution is affected by the expansion error. The aim of the study is to determine the applicability of the general variance propagation law in case of the non-linear functions used in basic geodetic computations. The paper presents errors which are a result of negligence of the higher-order expressions and it determines the range of such simplification. The basis of that analysis is the comparison of the results obtained by the law of propagation of variance and the probabilistic approach, namely Monte Carlo simulations. Both methods are used to determine the accuracy of the following geodetic computations: the Cartesian coordinates of unknown point in the three-point resection problem, azimuths and distances of the Cartesian coordinates, height differences in the trigonometric and the geometric levelling. These simulations and the analysis of the results confirm the possibility of applying the general law of variance propagation in basic geodetic computations even if the functions are non-linear. The only condition is the accuracy of observations, which cannot be too low. Generally, this is not a problem with using present geodetic instruments.