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1

Study of the droplet size of the discrete phase of a fuel-water emulsion

Niszczota Paweł, Gieras Marian

Journal of KONBiN

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2023

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Vol. 53, iss. 4

1--12

EN

In the era of increasing care for the earth's climate, numerous scientific studies are being conducted looking for alternative fuels with reduced emissions. One is a fuel-water emulsion, which has a particularly positive effect on NOx emissions. The article presents tests carried out on a fuel-water emulsion containing from 3% to 15% water and from 1% to 3% emulsifier, aiming to determine the microscopic properties of the developed emulsion. The study focused on the influence of the composition of the tested emulsion, the mixing time of its components and the influence of pumping it through the fuel pump on the size of water droplets of the discrete phase.

PL

W dobie coraz większej dbałości o klimat na Ziemi prowadzone są liczne badania naukowe poszukujące paliw alternatywnych o ograniczonej emisyjności. Jednym z nich jest emulsja paliwowo-wodna, której zastosowanie szczególnie korzystnie wpływa na emisję NOx. W artykule przedstawiono badania przeprowadzone na emulsji paliwowo -wodnej zawierającej od 3% do 15% wody oraz od 1% do 3% emulgatora, których celem było poznanie właściwości mikroskopowych opracowywanej emulsji. Skupiono się na wpływie składu badanej emulsji, czasu mieszania jej składników oraz przepompowania jej przez pompę paliwa na wielkość kropel wodnej fazy dyskretnej.

2

Influence of surfactant addition to emulsion fuels on the hot section of turbine engines

Niszczota Paweł, Gieras Marian

Journal of KONBiN

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2023

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Vol. 53, iss. 4

13--25

EN

Due to the growing awareness of ecological threats, more and more attention is paid to the emission problem of undesirable substances into the atmosphere, the source of which is transport and energy. The impact of these factors on the environment can be reduced by using alternative fuels, which are non-fossil fuels, or by modifying these fuels to ensure lower emissions. One of the methods for reducing emissions from engines is the use of water fuel emulsion as fuel, which has a particularly positive effect on the emission of nitrogen oxides at high loads of drive and power units. An important issue affecting the possibility of using this fuel type is the impact of their use on the elements of the units in contact with fuel containing water and, optionally, an emulsifier. This paper presents inspection results of the hot section of a miniature gas turbine powered by Jet-A1 aviation fuel with the emulsifier addition. On the basis of these observations, the components of emulsion fuels were determined, which are the cause of the characteristic deposits occurring on the hot sections of the units after using emulsion fuels.

PL

Ze względu na rosnącą świadomość zagrożeń ekologicznych przykłada się coraz większą wagę do problemu emisji do atmosfery substancji niepożądanych, których źródłem jest transport i energetyka. Jedną z dróg prowadzących do zmniejszenia wpływu tych czynników na środowisko jest wykorzystanie paliw alternatywnych, będących paliwami niekopalnymi, bądź modyfikacja tych paliw zapewniająca mniejszą emisję. Jedną z metod obniżenia emisji z silników jest zastosowanie, jako paliwa, emulsji paliwowo-wodnej, która wpływa szczególnie pozytywnie na emisję tlenków azotu przy dużych obciążeniach jednostek napędowych i energetycznych. Ważną kwestią wpływającą na możliwość zastosowania tego typu paliw jest wpływ ich stosowania na elementy jednostek będące w kontakcie z paliwem zawierającym wodę oraz opcjonalnie emulgator. W niniejszej pracy zostały przedstawione wyniki inspekcji gorącej sekcji miniaturowej turbiny gazowej, która była zasilana paliwem lotniczym Jet-A1 z dodatkiem emulgatora. Na podstawie tych obserwacji określono składniki paliw emulsyjnych będących przyczyną występowania charakterystycznych osadów występujących na gorących sekcjach jednostek po zastosowaniu paliw emulsyjnych.

3

Numerical investigation of heat transfer in fuel-water emulsion droplet

Rodzewicz R., Gieras M.

Archivum Combustionis

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2018

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Vol. 38 nr 1

1--10

EN

This paper aims to iiwestigate heat flow in fuel/water emulsion droplet using ANSYS Fluent code. A model was tested under different boundary conditions including various flow temperatures, velocities, droplet sizes, water contents, etc. The rate of a temperaturę increment was monitored inside dispersed phase droplets. The obtained results were compared to find out in which case boiling point was reached in all water droplets simultaneously. Such a temperaturę distribution is suspected to be the main condition for microexplosion occurrence. However, this should be confirmed experimentally. Simulations show that a higher temperaturę and a smaller droplet diameter may promote microexplosion. Also it appears that there exists an optimal flow velocity, when the difference of time of reaching boiling point for every water droplet is the smallest. The minor, but a very interesting observation concerns a negligible impact of water presence on heat distribution. It has been shown that treating an emulsion droplet as a continuum with an averaged specific heat of water and oil may result in an error less than 1%. It is an useful conclusion that enables the analytical approach to the problem. The obtained results provide a solid basis for further experimental research.

4

Evaluation of the influence of powering a self-ignition engine with fuel-water emulsion on the parameters of its operation and the concentration of toxic substances in exhaust gases

Kamela W.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2016

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z. 4/108

87--97

EN

The article concerns a comparison of the working parameters of a self-ignition engine powered with diesel fuel and fuel-water emulsion. A characteristics of research fuels and analysis of a microscopic structure of the studied fuel-water emulsion were presented. Engine test bench used in the study was also described. Based on the obtained results of measurements, basic working parameters of a Perkins 1104C-E44T engine were established and concentration of toxic substances in exhaust gases when powering the engine both with diesel fuel and fuel-water emulsion was determined. The measurements were performed on the external characteristic of the engine and two load characteristics. In the final stage, the obtained results were compared, based on which the conclusions were drawn.

PL

Praca dotyczy porównania parametrów pracy silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym zasilanego olejem napędowym oraz emulsją paliwowo – wodną. W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę paliw badawczych oraz analizę struktury mikroskopowej badanej emulsji paliwowo-wodnej. Opisano również stanowisko hamowniane, wykorzystane w trakcie badań. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników pomiarów wyznaczono podstawowe parametry pracy silnika Perkins 1104C-E44T oraz określono stężenia substancji toksycznych spalin przy zasilaniu go zarówno olejem napędowym, jak i emulsją paliwowo-wodną. Pomiary prowadzono na charakterystyce zewnętrznej silnika oraz dwóch charakterystykach obciążeniowych. W końcowym etapie dokonano porównania uzyskanych wyników badań oraz określono na ich podstawie wnioski końcowe.

5

Analysis concerning possibilities of adjustability of cruise ferries and Ro-Ro vessels operating on the Baltic Sea to the requirements of Annex VI of the MARPOL convention

Giernalczyk M., Wojciechowski P.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 3

143--150

EN

The goal of the paper is to focus on the problem of emission of harmful compounds e.g. NOx, SOx and CO2 from seagoing ships to environment. The VI Amendment to MARPOL Convention concerning prevention against air pollution by seagoing ships, brought into practice in May 19th 2005, forced ship owners to use means for reduction of environment harmful substances emission to atmosphere. They may comprise construction and operating methods. Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) is one of the tools enabling implementation of the above-mentioned regulations, compulsory to all new design and build ships. However, for units already in operation, the problem requires a different approach. The article presents various methods of reduction of toxic substances and CO2 by seagoing vessels in order to adapt to the requirements of the Convention and other legal regulations in this regard. As an example, the analysis has been presented concerning possibilities of adjustability of cruise ferries and Ro-Ro vessels operating on the Baltic Sea to the requirements of Annex VI of the MARPOL Convention. Some possible solutions have been shown focusing on selection of system of combustion of hydro-fuel emulsion in main drive engine. Article contains description of introducing water to the combustion chamber methods and water influence on the combustion process.

6

The optimalisation of choosing the composition of fuel-water emulsion applied for feeding marine combustion engines

Piaseczny L., Zadrąg R.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2010

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Vol. 5, no 1

143-150

EN

Delivery of water to cylinders is one of the basic ways of limitation of nitrogen oxides concentration in exhausts gases from the diesel engine and is justified in many published results of researches. In effect of engine’s supply by fuel-water emulsion, simultaneously with decrease of nitrogen oxides, the changes of concentration of hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, solid particles, and changes of basic engine’s working coefficients determining its performance and load of crank and cylinder-piston set. In article, the results of researches of water delivery, in form of fuel-water emulsion to cylinders on changes of exhausts blackening; so on the changes in emission of toxic compounds in exhausts were introduced. In addition, the problem of choosing composition of fuel-water emulsion and way of its preparation were taken into consideration.

7

Effect of selected fuel-water emulsion parameters on NOx emission of an CI engine

Piaseczny L., Zadrąg R.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2007

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R. 46, nr SC3

226-234

EN

Changes in energetic parameters and NOx emission of an engine fed with fuel-water emulsion largely depend on the accepted methods of emulsion production. Depending on the method applied, there is a set of control parameters characteristic for each method, the values of particular parameters determining the properties of emulsion produced and the effects of its application. The work presents the results of research on the effect of temperature of fuel-water emulsion produced in a helicoidal agitator and the rotational speed of this agitator on its properties, essential from the point of view of NOx emission reduction in the exhaust gases.

8

The Effect Of Temperature On The Properties Of Fuel-Water Emulsion Applied For Feeding Marine Combustion Engines

Zadrąg R.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2007

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Vol. 2, no 1

519-526

EN

Delivering water to cylinders is a means of restricting the emergence of nitrogen oxides in the combustion process in SI engines. In consequence of feeding the engine with fuel-water emulsion with simultaneous decrease of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases, there occur changes in the concentrations of: carbon oxide, hydrocarbons, solid particles, and also changes in the basic indexes of engine work. The values of these changes depend in large degree on the assumed method of producing emulsion. Depending on the method applied there exists a definite set of control parameters characteristic for each method, whose values of particular parameters determine the properties of emulsion produced. One of these parameters is the temperature of, essential insomuch as it can be controlled in a simple way. The work presents the results of research on the effect of temperature of fuel-water emulsion produced in a helicoidal agitator on its properties, essential from the point of view of NOx emission load in the exhaust gases.

9

Badania wpływu dostarczania wody do cylindra na wskaźniki procesu spalania i toksyczności silnika ZS

Piaseczny L., Zadrąg R.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2005

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R. 44, nr 3

61--67

PL

Dostarczanie wody do cylindrów jest jednym ze sposobów ograniczania powstawania tlenków azotu w procesie spalania w silniku o ZS i znajduje uzasadnienie w publikowanych wynikach badań. W następstwie zasilania silnika emulsją paliwowo-wodną jednocześnie ze zmniejszeniem stężenia tlenków azotu występują zmiany stężenia tlenku węgla, węglowodorów, cząstek stałych, a także zmiany podstawowych wskaźników pracy silnika determinujących jego osiągi i obciążenie elementów układu tłokowo-korbowego. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki własnych badań dotyczących wpływu dostarczania wody w postaci emulsji paliwowo-wodnej do cylindrów na zmianę toksycznych składników spalin wylotowych. Rozważaniom poddano również zachodzące w tym czasie zmiany podstawowych wskaźników procesu spalania.

EN

Water delivery to the cylinders is one of the ways to reduce the nitrogen oxide formation in a combustion process in CI engine and is justified in published research results. In the aftermath of the admission of the fuel-water emulsion into the engine, along with the reduction of nitrogen oxides, the change in concentration of carbon oxides and particulates, basic engine parameters determining its performance and load of crank-piston assembly can be observed. It the paper, the results of own research of fuel-water emulsion delivery influence on changes of toxic compounds in exhaust gas were introduced. The changes of basic combustion process parameters were also considered.